{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:47:45Z","timestamp":1757310465099,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Low Genit Tract Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has a higher incidence described in certain groups, namely, in women with vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (vHSILs) and\/or human papillomavirus squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). This review describes terminology, vHSIL, and VSCC in their association with ASCC and the published recommendations for early detection of this cancer in these women.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A narrative review was conducted by the authors on vHSIL and VSCC as risk factors for ASCC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ASCC and VSCC incidence are increasing. Women with vHSIL and\/or VSCC can present with ASCC at diagnosis, being one of the highest-risk groups. Suspicious symptoms include rectal bleeding, pain, and a sensation of an anal mass. Digital anorectal examination can help detect early ASCC. Sensitivity of anal cytology in women with vHSIL and VSCC seems low, with the exception of immunosuppressed women with genital neoplasia (cervix, vagina, and vulva). There are still insufficient data on high-resolution anoscopy in women with vHSIL and\/or VSCC as a screening method.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinicians need be aware that women with vHSIL and VSCC comprise one of the highest-risk groups for ASCC. Inquiring suggestive symptoms of ASCC and a digital anorectal examination can help in the early detection of this type of cancer.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:56Z","timestamp":1634774456000},"page":"32-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vulvar High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions and Cancer as a Risk Factor for Anal Cancer: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andreia","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTESIS\u2013Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Medical Research Center, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Colleen K.","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar Ilan University and Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Science University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"I. Mary","family":"Poynten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30653-9","article-title":"Human papillomavirus types from infection to cancer in the anus, according to sex and HIV status: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib2-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31825c31dd","article-title":"The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib3-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716","article-title":"Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type","volume":"141","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib5-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33185","article-title":"A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence by risk group: toward a unified anal cancer risk scale","volume":"148","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib6-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121942","article-title":"Recommendations favoring anal cytology as a method for anal cancer screening: a systematic review","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bib7-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.05.014","article-title":"Trends in incidence and survival of women with invasive vulvar cancer in the United States and Canada: a population-based study","volume":"134","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"bib8-20250524","first-page":"924","article-title":"International trends in anal cancer incidence rates","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib9-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001285","article-title":"The 2015 International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD) terminology of vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesions","volume":"127","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib10-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000256","article-title":"2016 IANS International Guidelines for Practice Standards in the Detection of Anal Cancer Precursors","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib11-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000572","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and vulvar aberrant maturation","volume":"25","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"journal-title":"Herrington CS. (Ed.), & Editorial Board, WHO. C. O. T. WHO Classification of Tumours Female Genital Tumours. (5th ed.) International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2020","key":"bib12-20250524"},{"journal-title":"Nagtegaal I. (Ed.), & Editorial Board, WHO. C. O. T. WHO Classification of Tumours Digestive System Tumours (5th ed.) International Agency for Research on Cancer","year":"2019","key":"bib13-20250524"},{"key":"bib14-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.16.2114","article-title":"The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology","volume":"287","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib15-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21242","article-title":"Anal-rectal cytology: a review","volume":"38","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"bib16-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.20126","article-title":"Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: key differences","volume":"119","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"bib18-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.03.013","article-title":"Incidence trends of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in Italy from 1990 to 2015","volume":"157","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"bib19-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.03.030","article-title":"Incidence of vulvar high-grade precancerous lesions and cancer in Denmark before and after introduction of HPV vaccination","volume":"157","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"bib20-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2018-000135","article-title":"Clinical and molecular classification of vulvar squamous pre-cancers","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"bib21-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-000793","article-title":"Association of human papilloma virus status and response to radiotherapy in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"bib22-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.06.033","article-title":"Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases of intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva","volume":"49","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"bib23-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30821","article-title":"Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva","volume":"141","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib24-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-020-00286-8","article-title":"Role of human papillomavirus infection in the etiology of vulvar cancer in Italian women","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"bib25-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.037","article-title":"Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development after diagnosis of VIN increases with age","volume":"45","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"bib26-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33198","article-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: incidence and long-term risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"148","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib27-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0643","article-title":"Long-term management of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus: a prospective cohort study of 507 women","volume":"151","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"bib28-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000186","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus and neoplastic transformation","volume":"20","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib29-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30621","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer","volume":"140","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib30-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000375","article-title":"HPV-independent differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) is associated with an aggressive clinical course","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"bib31-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012","article-title":"Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions","volume":"68","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"bib32-20250524","first-page":"218","article-title":"Risk factors for anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital dysplasia","volume":"122","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib33-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2020.09.010","article-title":"Molecular events in the pathogenesis of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"bib34-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1633","article-title":"Molecular heterogeneity in human papillomavirus-dependent and -independent vulvar carcinogenesis","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"bib35-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001704","article-title":"Committee opinion no. 675 summary: management of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"128","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib36-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.12.007","article-title":"No. 385-indications for pelvic examination","volume":"41","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"bib37-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12609","article-title":"Cancer of the vulva","volume":"143","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"bib38-20250524","first-page":"74","article-title":"Evaluation of symptoms and prevention of cancer in menopause: the value of vulvar exam","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Med UniSa"},{"key":"bib39-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.055","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vulvar cancer: a review","volume":"81","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"bib40-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003945","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vulvar skin disorders: ACOG practice bulletin summary, number 224","volume":"136","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib42-20250524","first-page":"dyw276","article-title":"International trends in anal cancer incidence rates","volume":"46","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib43-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"bib44-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.055","article-title":"Global burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"bib45-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000675","article-title":"Brief report: anal cancer in the HIV-positive population: slowly declining incidence after a decade of cART","volume":"69","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"bib46-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1012","article-title":"Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America","volume":"54","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib47-20250524","first-page":"1280","article-title":"Bivalent vaccine effectiveness against anal human papillomavirus positivity among female sexually transmitted infection clinic visitors in the Netherlands","volume":"221","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib48-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24116","article-title":"Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis","volume":"124","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib49-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24215","article-title":"Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions","volume":"124","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib50-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.07.030","article-title":"Anal cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"bib51-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0060","article-title":"Anal carcinoma, version 2.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"bib52-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22018","article-title":"Strategies for screening and early detection of anal cancers: a narrative and systematic review and meta-analysis of cytology, HPV testing, and other biomarkers","volume":"126","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"bib53-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70080-3","article-title":"Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"bib54-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70103-7","article-title":"Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"bib55-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy273","article-title":"Performance of anal cytology compared with high-resolution anoscopy and histology in women with lower anogenital tract neoplasia","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib56-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.014407","article-title":"Blind sampling is superior to anoscope guided sampling for screening for anal intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"81","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"bib57-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1159\/000325866","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of anal cytology in evaluation of internal compared with external lesions","volume":"51","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"bib58-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1071\/SH12045","article-title":"Practising high-resolution anoscopy","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"bib59-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181ea1834","article-title":"Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"116","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib60-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.23050","article-title":"A six-year experience with anal cytology in women with HPV in the lower genital tract: utility, limitations, and clinical correlation","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"bib61-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000490","article-title":"Screening for anal cancer in women with a history of vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib62-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30304-6","article-title":"Anal cancer and precancerous lesions: a call for improvement","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"bib63-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2019.01.003","article-title":"High-resolution anoscopy in HIV-infected men: assessment of the learning curve and factors that improve the performance","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res"},{"key":"bib64-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000458","article-title":"International anal neoplasia society guidelines for the practice of digital anal rectal examination","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib65-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.6857","article-title":"US intergroup anal carcinoma trial: tumor diameter predicts for colostomy","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"bib66-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000117","article-title":"Screening for anal cancer in women","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib67-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20365","article-title":"Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer","volume":"101","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bib68-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.06.041","article-title":"Risk of second primary cancer after a first potentially-human papillomavirus-related cancer: a population-based study","volume":"90","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib69-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07452-6","article-title":"Risk of HPV-related extra-cervical cancers in women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"bib70-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2009.05.008","article-title":"Anal human papillomavirus infection and abnormal anal cytology in women with genital neoplasia","volume":"114","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"bib71-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000395","article-title":"Risk of anal cancer in women with a human papillomavirus\u2013related gynecological neoplasm: Puerto Rico 1987\u20132013","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"bib72-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48399-4","article-title":"Familial clustering, second primary cancers and causes of death in penile, vulvar and vaginal cancers","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bib73-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31820bfb16","article-title":"Risk of anal cancer in a cohort with human papillomavirus\u2013related gynecologic neoplasm","volume":"117","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bib74-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0273-9","article-title":"Increased risk of second cancers at sites associated with HPV after a prior HPV-associated malignancy, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"120","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"bib75-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e181999","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1999","article-title":"Trends in risks for second primary cancers associated with index human papillomavirus\u2013associated cancers","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib76-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.101649","article-title":"Risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms after an index potentially-human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib77-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.12726","article-title":"German-Austrian guidelines on anal dysplasia and anal cancer in HIV-positive individuals: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"bib78-20250524","first-page":"S35","article-title":"Anal cancer and screening guidelines for human papillomavirus in men","volume":"111","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"bib79-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13590","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13590","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"bib80-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001186","article-title":"Screening women for anal cancers: guidance for health care professionals","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"bib81-20250524","first-page":"8510","article-title":"Extending human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination beyond female adolescents and after treatment for high grade CIN: the Italian HPV Study Group (IHSG) review and position paper","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"bib82-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1098-3","article-title":"Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of vaccination against human papillomavirus in males: a systematic review","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"bib83-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1086\/656320","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1\u2013infected men","volume":"202","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib84-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1155","article-title":"Ten-year immune persistence and safety of the HPV-16\/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in females vaccinated at 15-55 years of age","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"bib85-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000226955.02719.26","article-title":"A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"bib86-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-020-03740-6","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of treatment options for anal intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review","volume":"36","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"bib87-20250524","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0707-9","article-title":"HPV vaccine in the treatment of usual type vulval and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T22:12:31Z","timestamp":1748124751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000631","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-0976"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1526-0976"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}