{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:30:41Z","timestamp":1775251841806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Low Genit Tract Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This series of articles, titled The Vaginal Microbiome (VMB), written on behalf of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease, aims to summarize the recent findings and understanding of the vaginal bacterial microbiota, mainly regarding areas relevant to clinicians specializing in vulvovaginal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A search of PubMed database was performed, using the search terms \u201cvaginal microbiome\u201d with \u201c<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>,\u201d \u201cvaginitis,\u201d \u201curinary microbiome,\u201d \u201crecurrent urinary tract infections,\u201d \u201csexually transmitted infections,\u201d \u201chuman immunodeficiency virus,\u201d \u201chuman papillomavirus,\u201d \u201cnonspecific vaginitis,\u201d \u201cvulvodynia,\u201d and \u201cvulvovaginal symptoms.\u201d Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. The third article in this series describes VMB in various urogenital disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Variable patterns of the VMB are found in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, challenging the idea of a protective role of lactobacilli. Highly similar strains of health-associated commensal bacteria are shared in both the bladder and vagina of the same individual and may provide protection against urinary tract infections. Dysbiotic VMB increases the risk of urinary tract infection. Loss of vaginal lactic acid\u2013producing bacteria combined with elevated pH, increase the risk for sexually transmitted infections, although the exact protective mechanisms of the VMB against sexually transmitted infections are still unknown.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The VMB may constitute a biological barrier to pathogenic microorganisms. When the predominance of lactobacilli community is disrupted, there is an increased risk for the acquisition of various vaginal pathogents. Longitudinal studies are needed to describe the association between the host, bacterial, and fungal components of the VMB.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T17:02:44Z","timestamp":1640019764000},"page":"85-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Vaginal Microbiome: III. The Vaginal Microbiome in Various Urogenital Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Seta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Risa","family":"Lonnee-Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health \u201cIRCCS Burlo Garofolo,\u201d Trieste, Italy"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Verstraelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Ventolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Distinguish University Professor, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin, Odessa, 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