{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:21:31Z","timestamp":1773948091678,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Low Genit Tract Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) and possibly vulvar lichen planus (VLP) are associated with an increased vulvar cancer (VC) risk. We analyzed the risk of VC and its precursors after a diagnosis of VLS or VLP.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A search was performed to identify articles describing the development of vulvar neoplasia in women with VLS or VLP. This systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO database.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fourteen studies on VLS included 14,030 women without a history of vulvar neoplasia. Vulvar cancer, differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), and vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion occurred in 2.2% (314\/14,030), 1.2% (50\/4,175), and 0.4% (2\/460), respectively. Considering women with previous or current VC, the rate was 4.0% (580\/14,372). In one study, dVIN preceded VC in 52.0% of the cases. Progression of dVIN to VC was 18.1% (2\/11).<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>The risk was significantly higher in the first 1\u20133 years after a biopsy of VLS and with advancing age; it significantly decreased with ultrapotent topical steroid use.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>For the 14,268 women with VLP (8 studies), the rates of VC, dVIN, and vulvar high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were 0.3% (38\/14,268), 2.5% (17\/689), and 1.4% (10\/711), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Vulvar lichen sclerosus is associated with an increased risk of VC, especially in the presence of dVIN and with advancing age. Ultrapotent topical steroids seem to reduce this risk. An increased risk of developing VC has been suggested for VLP. Hence, treatment and regular life-long follow-up should be offered to women with VLS or VLP.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T08:00:30Z","timestamp":1647244830000},"page":"250-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Risk of Development of Vulvar Cancer in Women With Lichen Sclerosus or Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Faustino R.","family":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda T.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Baena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute, Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Colleen K.","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Galilee Medical Center, Safed, Israel"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0019","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus: incidence and risk of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"25","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers 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