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The management of VaIN varies according to the grade of the lesion: VaIN 1 (low grade vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL)) can be subjected to follow-up, while VaIN 2\u20133 (high-grade vaginal SIL) should be treated. Treatment needs individualization according to the patient\u2019s characteristics, disease extension and previous therapeutic procedures. Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment and should be performed if invasion cannot be excluded. Total vaginectomy is used only in highly selected cases of extensive and persistent disease. Carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) laser may be used as both an ablation method and an excisional one. Reported cure rates after laser excision and laser ablation are similar. Topical agents are useful for persistent, multifocal lesions or for patients who cannot undergo surgical treatment. Imiquimod was associated with the lowest recurrence rate, highest human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance, and can be considered the best topical approach. Trichloroacetic acid and 5-fluorouracil are historical options and should be discouraged. For VaIN after hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3, laser vaporization and topical agents are not the best options, since they cannot reach epithelium buried in the vaginal scar. In these cases surgical options are preferable. Brachytherapy has a high overall success rate but due to late side effects should be reserved for poor surgical candidates, having multifocal disease, and with failed prior treatments. VaIN tends to recur and ensuring patient adherence to close follow-up visits is of the utmost importance. The first evaluation should be performed at 6 months with cytology and an HPV test during 2 years and annually thereafter. The implementation of vaccination against HPV infection is expected to contribute to the prevention of VaIN and thus cancer of the vagina. The effects of treatment can have an impact on quality of life and result in psychological and psychosexual issues which should be addressed. Patients with VaIN need clear and up-to-date information on a range of treatment options including risks and benefits, as well as the need for follow-up and the risk of recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T16:02:48Z","timestamp":1679587368000},"page":"131-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the European College for the Study of Vulval Disease (ECSVD), and the European Federation for Colposcopy (EFC) Consensus Statement on the Management of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3513-7192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"Kesic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Carcopino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, H\u00f4pital Nord, APHM, Aix-Marseille University (AMU), Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263, 13397, Marseille, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Vieira-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bevilacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galilee Medical Center and Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0119-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrus","family":"Chargari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Cruickshank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Women\u2019s Health Research, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Erzeneoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Gallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Gultekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Joura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kyrgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Madi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8709-0410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Planchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Institut Bergonie, Bordeaux, France"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Regauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Esat Temiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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