{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:08:58Z","timestamp":1770221338585,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nosocomial pneumonia is a frequent and severe nosocomial infection divided in two distinct groups: hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In this context, the VAP is notoriously difficult to diagnose clinically, resulting from the lack of a \u2018gold standard\u2019 method of diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of biomarkers may potentially improve the early diagnosis of infections allowing earlier and better identification and treatment. An exhausting list of biomarkers has been studied and although far from perfect, procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are the most studied biomarkers used in clinical practice. Data coming from literature suggests the use of PCT for VAP prognosis and as a based algorithm tool for the reduction of duration of pneumonia therapy, as well as, the use of the CRP dynamics to the early prediction of VAP and the response to the antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evidence for the use of biomarkers to diagnose nosocomial pneumonia as a stand-alone tool is low to moderate. Improved performance for both PCT and CRP can be obtained by using them in association with clinical features or scoring systems but prospective studies are still needed to validate this hypothesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/mcc.0000000000000442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,30]],"date-time":"2017-07-30T02:19:36Z","timestamp":1501381176000},"page":"391-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The current status of biomarkers for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonias"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jorge I.F.","family":"Salluh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o de Clinica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Vicente C.","family":"Souza-Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o de Clinica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"P\u00f3voa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier Hospital, CHLO"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, CEDOC, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230913","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw504","article-title":"Executive summary: management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R2-20230913","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2014-000066","article-title":"A national survey of the diagnosis 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