{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:29:11Z","timestamp":1767979751939,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the least deadly but most infectious coronavirus strain transmitted from wild animals. It may affect many organ systems. Aim of the current guideline is to delineate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver. Asymptomatic aminotransferase elevations are common in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Its pathogenesis may be multifactorial. It may involve primary liver injury and indirect effects such as \u201cbystander hepatitis,\u201d myositis, toxic liver injury, hypoxia, and preexisting liver disease. Higher aminotransferase elevations, lower albumin, and platelets have been reported in severe compared with mild COVID-19. Despite the dominance of respiratory disease, acute on chronic liver disease\/acute hepatic decompensation have been reported in patients with COVID-19 and preexisting liver disease, in particular cirrhosis. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has a higher risk of respiratory disease progression than those without MAFLD. Alcohol-associated liver disease may be severely affected by COVID-19\u2014such patients frequently have comorbidities including metabolic syndrome and smoking-induced chronic lung disease. World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) recommends that interventional procedures such as endoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be performed in emergency cases or when they are considered strictly necessary such as high risk varices or cholangitis. Hepatocellular cancer surveillance may be postponed by 2 to 3 months. A short delay in treatment initiation and non-surgical approaches should be considered. Liver transplantation should be restricted to patients with high MELD scores, acute liver failure and hepatocellular cancer within Milan criteria. Donors and recipients should be tested for SARS-CoV-2 and if found positive donors should be excluded and liver transplantation postponed until recovery from infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/mcg.0000000000001459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T06:28:59Z","timestamp":1606199339000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["WGO Guidance for the Care of Patients With COVID-19 and Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Alvares da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI\/Liver Unit, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, University of Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Kelly W.","family":"Burak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Joost P.H.","family":"Drenth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Esmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"LaBrecque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatitis Program, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and 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