{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:59:24Z","timestamp":1784872764065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]],"date-time":"2008-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1223942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Harvesting earthworms by a practice called \u2018worm grunting\u2019 is a widespread and profitable business in the southeastern USA. Although a variety of techniques are used, most involve rhythmically scraping a wooden stake driven into the ground, with a flat metal object. A common assumption is that vibrations cause the worms to surface, but this phenomenon has not been studied experimentally. We demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>Diplocardia<\/jats:italic>\n            earthworms emerge from the soil within minutes following the onset of grunting. Broadband low frequency (below 500\u200aHz) pulsed vibrations were present in the soil throughout the area where worms were harvested, and the number of worms emerging decreased as the seismic signal decayed over distance. The findings are discussed in relation to two hypotheses: that worms are escaping vibrations caused by digging foragers and that worms are surfacing in response to vibrations caused by falling rain.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,15]],"date-time":"2008-10-15T02:53:41Z","timestamp":1224039221000},"page":"16-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Grunting for worms: seismic vibrations cause\n            <i>Diplocardia<\/i>\n            earthworms to emerge from the soil"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"O","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"M.A","family":"Callaham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest ServiceAthens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.E","family":"Yack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Carleton UniversityOttawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"The dawn of the dew worm","volume":"52","author":"Butt K.R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biologist"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(97)00048-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0323:TBEOIV]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwin C The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms with observation on their habits. 1881 London UK:Murray.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.107559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Edwards C.A& Bohlen P.J Biology and ecology of earthworms. 3rd edn. 1996 London UK:Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Ecology of neartic earthworms in the Southern USA. II. Effects of bait harvesting on Diplocardia (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) populations in Apalachicola National Forest, North Florida","volume":"5","author":"Hendrix P.F","year":"1994","journal-title":"Megadrilogica"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173426"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(67)90060-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1445299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"The wood turtle stomp","volume":"8","author":"Kaufmann J.H","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nat. Hist"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Seismic signal use by fossorial mammals","volume":"41","author":"Mason M.J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Zool"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Minnich J The earthworm book. 1977 Emmaus PA:Rodale Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds J.W The earthworms (Lumbricidae and Sparganophilidae) of Ontario. 1977 Toronto Canada:Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.60740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"Tinbergen N The herring gull's world. A study of the social behaviour of birds. 1960 New York NY:Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural history and reproduction in Diplocardia mississippiensis (Oligochaeta)","volume":"11","author":"Vail V.A","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. Tall Timbers Res. Stn"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T01:03:20Z","timestamp":1613869400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9561","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-08-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-09-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-10-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}