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Using the budding yeast<jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>, I compared the effect size of 20 adaptive mutations in haploids and homozygous diploids and found, surprisingly, that the same mutations often had a much larger effect in haploids than homozygous diploids. This empirical result demonstrates that it cannot be assumed that mutations will have the same effect in haploids and homozygous diploids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]],"date-time":"2012-10-11T11:56:31Z","timestamp":1349956591000},"page":"20120614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Mutational effects depend on ploidy level: all else is not equal"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Aleeza C.","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6324","key":"1_9459782","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/351314a0","volume":"351","author":"Kondrashov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature; 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