{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:41:24Z","timestamp":1776184884027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]],"date-time":"2013-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have undergone radical anatomical and developmental changes in comparison with their jawless cousins (cyclostomes). Key among these is paired appendages (fins, legs and wings), which first evolved at some point on the gnathostome stem. The anatomy of fossil stem gnathostomes is, therefore, fundamental to our understanding of the nature and timing of the origin of this complex innovation. Here, we show that<jats:italic>Euphanerops<\/jats:italic>, a fossil jawless fish from the Devonian, possessed paired anal-fin radials, but no pectoral or pelvic fins. This unique condition occurs at an early stage on the stem-gnathostome lineage. This condition, and comparison with the varied condition of paired fins in other ostracoderms, indicates that there was a large amount of developmental plasticity during this episode\u2014rather than a gradual evolution of this complex feature. Apparently, a number of different clades were exploring morphospace or undergoing multiple losses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]],"date-time":"2013-04-10T09:15:44Z","timestamp":1365585344000},"page":"20130002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Unusual anal fin in a Devonian jawless vertebrate reveals complex origins of paired appendages"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Sansom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 6RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Gabbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Purnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Major transitions in vertebrate evolution","author":"Janvier P","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.24.5233","article-title":"Genetic and developmental bases of serial homology in vertebrate limb evolution","volume":"127","author":"Ruvinsky I","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540472.001.0001","volume-title":"Early vertebrates","author":"Janvier P","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1431-7613-00087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Major transitions in vertebrate evolution","author":"Wilson MVH","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2010.01019.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"The anatomy of Euphanerops longaevus, an anaspid-like jawless vertebrate from the Upper Devonian","volume":"29","author":"Janvier P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geodiversitas"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Devonian fishes and plants of Miguasha","author":"Janvier P","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1477201908002551"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"\u2018Agnatha\u2019 II: Thelodonti","author":"M\u00e4rss T","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.1033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2008)28[594:ANAFFT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026359330000691X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3176\/earth.2012.4.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1983.10011943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08745"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.074716"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1715188874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9561","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-01-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-03-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-06-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}