{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:45:32Z","timestamp":1790174732515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,31]],"date-time":"2015-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although parasite-mediated selection is assumed to be the main driver of immune gene evolution, empirical evidence that parasites induce allele frequency changes at host immune genes in time and\/or space remains scarce. Here, I show that the frequency of a protective gene variant of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 in natural bank vole (Myodes glareolus) populations is positively associated with the strength of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection risk across the European continent. Thereby, this study provides rare evidence for the role of spatially variable infection pressures in moulding the vertebrate immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]],"date-time":"2015-05-27T11:25:34Z","timestamp":1432725934000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    sensu lato infection pressure shapes innate immune gene evolution in natural rodent populations across Europe"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Tschirren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C1","volume-title":"Janeway\u2018s immunobiology","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","edition":"7th edn"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/352595a0","article-title":"Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria","volume":"352","author":"Hill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C3","volume-title":"Susceptibility to infectious diseases: the importance of host genetics","author":"Bellamy","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800724","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of the major histocompatibility complex","volume":"96","author":"Piertney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.09.008","article-title":"Adaptation from standing genetic variation","volume":"23","author":"Barrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-349","article-title":"Global distribution of malaria-resistant MHC-HLA alleles: the number and frequencies of alleles and malaria risk","volume":"13","author":"Garamszegi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16 645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704828104","article-title":"TLR4 polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans","volume":"104","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/432519","article-title":"How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria","volume":"77","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2084","article-title":"How pathogens drive genetic diversity: MHC, mechanisms and misunderstandings","volume":"277","author":"Spurgin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475","article-title":"Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"4","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0251","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis","volume-title":"Lyme borreliosis: biology, epidemiology and control","author":"Dennis","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C12","volume-title":"Lyme disease: the ecology of a complex system","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/35100529","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and innate immunity","volume":"1","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.1.348","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 is required for innate, but not acquired, host defense to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"168","author":"Wooten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363801","article-title":"Genetic control of susceptibility to experimental Lyme arthritis is polygenic and exhibits consistent linkage to multiple loci on chromosome 5 in four independent mouse crosses","volume":"2","author":"Roper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Immunol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130364","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0364","article-title":"Polymorphisms at the innate immune receptor TLR2 are associated with Borrelia infection in a wild rodent population","volume":"280","author":"Tschirren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C17","article-title":"Distinct haplotype structure at the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) across bank vole populations and lineages in Europe","author":"Morger","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C18","first-page":"31","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis","volume-title":"Lyme borreliosis: biological and clinical aspects","author":"Hub\u00e1lek","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.04.004","article-title":"Study of Lyme borreliosis in Ukraine","volume":"298","author":"Biletska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02506.x","article-title":"Beyond the Mediterranean peninsulas: evidence of central European glacial refugia for a temperate forest mammal species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus)","volume":"14","author":"Deffontaine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14 860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603237103","article-title":"A northern glacial refugium for bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)","volume":"103","author":"Kotl\u00edk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04162.x","article-title":"A relict bank vole lineage highlights the biogeographic history of the Pyrenean region in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Deffontaine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C23","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000213066","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato diversity and its influence on pathogenicity in humans","volume-title":"Lyme borreliosis: biological and clinical aspects","author":"Baranton","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3524","article-title":"Parasites shape the optimal investment in immunity","volume":"273","author":"Tschirren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2284","article-title":"Genetic variation in Toll-like receptors and disease susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Netea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026010519234711100_RSBL20150263C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10039-2","article-title":"Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology","volume":"11","author":"Sheldon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263\/436715\/rsbl.2015.0263.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263\/436715\/rsbl.2015.0263.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:23:55Z","timestamp":1767659035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article\/11\/5\/20150263\/62443\/Borrelia-burgdorferi-sensu-lato-infection-pressure"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,31]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9561","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20150263"}}