{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:37:45Z","timestamp":1779161865327,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/licence"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNA15BB04A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB04A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB04A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB04A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mutation is the ultimate source of the genetic variation\u2014including variation for mutation rate itself\u2014that fuels evolution. Natural selection can raise or lower the genomic mutation rate of a population by changing the frequencies of mutation rate modifier alleles associated with beneficial and deleterious mutations. Existing theory and observations suggest that where selection is minimized, rapid systematic evolution of mutation rate either up or down is unlikely. Here, we report systematic evolution of higher and lower mutation rates in replicate hypermutable Escherichia coli populations experimentally propagated at very small effective size\u2014a circumstance under which selection is greatly reduced. Several populations went extinct during this experiment, and these populations tended to evolve elevated mutation rates. In contrast, populations that survived to the end of the experiment tended to evolve decreased mutation rates. We discuss the relevance of our results to current ideas about the evolution, maintenance and consequences of high mutation rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1488345022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evolution of mutation rates in hypermutable populations of\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    propagated at very small effective population size"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-6561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sniegowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences","volume":"22","author":"Sniegowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2010.05.003","article-title":"Evolution of the mutation rate","volume":"26","author":"Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060052","article-title":"Does mutation rate depend on itself?","volume":"6","author":"Baer","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2014.49","article-title":"Experimental evolution and the dynamics of genomic mutation rate modifiers","volume":"113","author":"Raynes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1080\/09553005914550241","article-title":"The viability of near-normal irradiated chromosomes","volume":"1","author":"Bateman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. 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Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4","volume":"42","author":"Lenski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C11","volume-title":"Experiments in molecular genetics","author":"Miller","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C12","first-page":"222","article-title":"Gene mutation","volume-title":"Manual of methods for general bacteriology","author":"Carlton","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.108.091777","article-title":"A simple formula for obtaining markedly improved mutation rate estimates","volume":"180","author":"Gerrish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/28.6.491","article-title":"Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance","volume":"28","author":"Luria","year":"1943","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh T, Hyun M, Sniegowski P. 2017Data from: Evolution of mutation rates in hypermutable populations of Escherichia coli propagated at very small effective population size. Dryad Digital Repository. (http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.dt115).","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0849"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12199","article-title":"Nutrient-dependent growth defects and mutability of mutators in Escherichia coli","volume":"20","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1967.53","article-title":"The probability of survival of a new mutant in a fluctuating environment","volume":"22","author":"Ewens","year":"1967","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2026010519275860800_RSBL20160849C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1932","article-title":"Fixation probability of rare nonmutator and evolution of mutation rates","volume":"6","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. 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