{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:43:38Z","timestamp":1781541818319,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Humans\u2019 prolonged somatic development and life history are unique among primates, yet their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Dental development has been used as a proxy to reconstruct life history evolution in the hominin clade and indicates a recent emergence of the human developmental pattern. Here, we analyse tooth formation and eruption in two developing dentitions of\n            <jats:italic>Homo naledi<\/jats:italic>\n            , a late-surviving, morphologically mosaic hominin species. Deciduous dental development is more similar to humans than to chimpanzees, probably reflecting hominin symplesiomorphy rather than bearing life history significance. The later stages of permanent tooth development present a mix of human- and chimpanzee-like patterns. Surprisingly, the M\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            of\n            <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n            emerges late in the eruption sequence, a pattern previously unknown in fossil hominins and common in modern humans. This pattern has been argued to reflect a slow life history and is unexpected in a small-brained hominin. The geological age of\n            <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n            (approx. 300 kya), coupled with its small brain size and the dental development data presented here, raise questions about the relationship between dental development and other variables associated with life history.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]],"date-time":"2017-08-30T09:10:40Z","timestamp":1504084240000},"page":"20170339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dental development in\n            <i>Homo naledi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Cofran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Human growth","author":"Schultz AH","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542626.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118118","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118118","article-title":"Dental ontogeny in pliocene and early pleistocene hominins","volume":"10","author":"Smith TM","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9980-9_10","volume-title":"The first humans: origin and early evolution of the genus Homo","author":"Dean MC","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-012-9607-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/335509a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09560"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24231"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345630420062701"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"A new system of dental age assessment","volume":"45","author":"Demirjian A","year":"1973","journal-title":"Hum. 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