{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:33:24Z","timestamp":1778942004497,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FR 3986\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR 3986\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006448","name":"A.H. Schultz-Stiftung zur F\u00f6rderung Primatologischer Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FK-17-106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK-17-106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"F\u00f6rderkreis des Deutsches Primatenzentrums e.V.","award":["2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The communicative function of primates' self-directed behaviours like scratching has gained increasing attention in recent years, but their intentional use is still debated. Here, we addressed this issue by exploring the communicative function of \u2018loud scratches\u2019 in wild Sumatran orangutans. Building on previous studies in chimpanzees, we examined the prediction that audio-visual loud scratches are used communicatively in mother\u2013infant travel coordination. Specifically, we examined whether individual, social and scratch features affected the use of pre-move scratches, markers of intentional signal use and approach responses. We analysed a total of 1457 scratching bouts, produced by 17 individuals (including four mothers and their dependent offspring) observed during 305 h of focal follows. Overall, we found that scratching bouts preceded departure mainly when these were produced by mothers and showed features of exaggeration. If the scratching individual was a mother, associates were more likely to be visually attentive during pre-move scratches than in other contexts. Approach or follow responses to scratches by individuals in association were predicted by context, the relationship with the scratcher (i.e. offspring) and the associate's attentional state. We conclude that orangutan mothers use loud scratches as communicative strategies to coordinate joint travel with their infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T07:41:14Z","timestamp":1563349274000},"page":"20190209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The loud scratch: a newly identified gesture of Sumatran orangutan mothers in the wild"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-7002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marlen","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatang","family":"Mitra Setia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta Selatan 12520, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Schuppli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carel P.","family":"van Schaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156746"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10754-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.02.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.066"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Action, gesture and symbol","author":"Plooij FX","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.107.141"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25887"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0948-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(74)80054-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","volume-title":"A fieldstudy on Sumatran orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): ecology, behaviour and conservation","author":"Rijksen HD","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131526"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665486.015","volume-title":"Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes. 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