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Escape requires movement, whereas tonic immobility does not. If anti-predator tactics relate to weapon size, males with larger weapons may adopt tonic immobility, whereas males with smaller weapons may adopt escape. However, no study has investigated the relationship between weapon size and anti-predator tactics. In this study, we investigated the relationship between male weapon size and tonic immobility in the beetle Gnathocerus cornutus. The results showed that tonic immobility was more frequent in males with larger weapons. Although most studies of tonic immobility in beetles have focused on the duration, rather than the frequency, tonic immobility duration was not affected by weapon size in G. cornutus. Therefore, this study is the first, to our knowledge, to suggest that the male weapon trait affects anti-predator tactics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T03:07:22Z","timestamp":1608692842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Anti-predator behaviour depends on male weapon size"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-373X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kentarou","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1","department":["Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Yumise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2","department":["Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yui","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2","department":["Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toma","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2","department":["Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5476-0676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takahisa","family":"Miyatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3","department":["Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010519360957000_RSBL20200601C1","volume-title":"The descent of man and selection in relation to sex","author":"Darwin","year":"1871"},{"key":"2026010519360957000_RSBL20200601C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278","volume-title":"Sexual selection","author":"Andersson","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026010519360957000_RSBL20200601C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173502","article-title":"The evolution of animal weapons","volume":"39","author":"Emlen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. 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