{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:57:19Z","timestamp":1789401439067,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Shipworms are predominantly wood-eating bivalves that play fundamental roles in biodegradation, niche creation and nutrient cycling across a range of marine ecosystems. Shipworms remain confined to the wood they colonize as larvae; however, continual feeding and rapid growth to large sizes degrade both food source and habitat. This unique lifestyle has led to the evolution of a stunning diversity of reproductive strategies, from broadcast spawning to spermcasting, larval brooding and extreme sexual size dimorphism with male dwarfism. Some species also engage in pseudocopulation, a form of direct fertilization where groups of neighbouring individuals simultaneously inseminate one another via their siphons\u2014the only part of the animal extending beyond the burrow. Among the Bivalvia, this exceptionally rare behaviour is unique to shipworms and remains infrequently observed and poorly understood. Herein, we document pseudocopulation with video footage in the giant feathery shipworm (Bankia setacea) and novel competitive behaviours, including siphon wrestling, mate guarding and the removal of a rival's spermatozoa from the siphons of a recipient. As successful sperm transfer is likely greater for larger individuals with longer siphons, we suggest that these competitive behaviours are a factor selecting for rapid growth and large size in species that engage in pseudocopulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T19:05:19Z","timestamp":1608059119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mate competition during pseudocopulation in shipworms"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6838-1917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Reuben","family":"Shipway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portsmouth PO4 9LY, UK 1","department":["Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth,"]},{"name":"Amherst 01003, USA 2","department":["Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0846-454X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy C.","family":"Treneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA 3","department":["Oregon Institute of Marine Biology,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3860-194X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Distel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nahant, MA 01908, USA 4","department":["Ocean Genome Legacy, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"The Allee effect in the sea. Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea's biodiversity","author":"Levitan","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012100543-6\/50031-3","article-title":"Sperm limitation, sperm competition and sexual selection in external fertilizers","volume-title":"Sperm competition and sexual selection","author":"Levitan","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw006","article-title":"Ecology and evolution of phenotypic plasticity in the penis and cirri of barnacles","volume":"56","author":"Hoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C4","volume-title":"Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks.","author":"Huber","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2015.10.018","article-title":"Lignocellulose degradation mechanisms across the Tree of Life","volume":"29","author":"Cragg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin Chem. Biol."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/eyv008","article-title":"Xylotrophic bivalves: aspects of their biology and the impacts of humans","volume":"81","author":"Voight","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mollusc. Stud."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2014.05.015","article-title":"Contrasting life histories in shipworms: growth, reproductive development and fecundity","volume":"459","author":"MacIntosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C8","first-page":"65","article-title":"Documentation and implications of rapid successive gametogenic cycles and broods in the shipworm Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch) (Bivalvia, Teredinidae)","volume":"3","author":"Calloway","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C9","first-page":"27","article-title":"Teredinidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) do litoral do Paran\u00e1","volume":"1","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ner\u00edtica"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C10","first-page":"191","article-title":"Natural history, organization, and late development of the Teredinidae, or ship-worms","volume":"27","author":"Sigerfoos","year":"1907","journal-title":"Bull. Bur. Fish. Wash."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155269","article-title":"Zachsia zenkewitschi (Teredinidae), a rare and unusual seagrass boring bivalve revisited and redescribed","volume":"11","author":"Shipway","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C12","first-page":"335","article-title":"The biology of wood-boring teredinid molluscs","author":"Nair","year":"1971"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2307\/1537412","article-title":"Sequence of functional sexual phases in Teredo","volume":"71","author":"Coe","year":"1936","journal-title":"Biol. 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Proc."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C18","first-page":"33","article-title":"Fecundaci\u00f3n interna en Bankia martensi (Stempell, 1830)(Bivalvia: Teredinidae) del sur de Chile (Bivalvia: Teredinidae) del sur de Chile","volume":"19","author":"Vel\u00e1squez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amici Molluscarum"},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C19","unstructured":"Turner\n              RD\n            \n          . 1971Identification of marine wood-boring molluscs. In Marine borers, fungi and fouling organisms of wood (eds EBG Jones and SK Eltringham), pp. 17\u201364. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.05.002","article-title":"Quick-change artists: male plastic behavioural responses to rivals","volume":"26","author":"Bretman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02533-8","article-title":"Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm-limited females","volume":"17","author":"Wedell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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Vic."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1651\/08-3037.1","article-title":"An individual barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides, with two penises","volume":"29","author":"Hoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Crust. Biol."},{"key":"2026010519364289100_RSBL20200626C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/700278","article-title":"Observations on the life history and geographic range of the giant chemosymbiotic shipworm Kuphus polythalamius (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)","volume":"235","author":"Shipway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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