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Similarly, biological invasions can drive rapid localized adaptations within modern timeframes. Here, we compare the morphology of two invasive guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis) populations in Mauritius and R\u00e9union with their source population from South Africa. We found that female toads on both islands were significantly smaller than mainland counterparts (33.9% and 25.9% reduction, respectively), as were males in Mauritius (22.4%). We also discovered a significant reduction in the relative hindlimb length of both sexes, on both islands, compared with mainland toads (ranging from 3.4 to 9.0%). If our findings are a result of natural selection, then this would suggest that the dramatic reshaping of an amphibian's morphology\u2014leading to insular dwarfism\u2014can result in less than 100 years; however, further research is required to elucidate the mechanism driving this change (e.g. heritable adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, or an interaction between them).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T22:56:41Z","timestamp":1605653801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Shrinking before our isles: the rapid expression of insular dwarfism in two invasive populations of guttural toad (\n                    <i>Sclerophrys gutturalis<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-8893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James","family":"Baxter-Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa 1","department":["Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-6910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia L.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa 2","department":["Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University,"]},{"name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2 3","department":["Department of Biology, Dalhousie University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-6043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Wagener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa 1","department":["Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-6483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitya P.","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa 1","department":["Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9939-7615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Measey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa 1","department":["Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University,"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010519354158200_RSBL20200651C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07893","article-title":"Adaptation and diversification on islands","volume":"457","author":"Losos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010519354158200_RSBL20200651C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01314.x","article-title":"Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule","volume":"32","author":"Lomolino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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