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Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The similar characteristics shared by island environments have been shown to lead to common patterns of adaptations in island species, commonly referred to as the \u2018insularity syndrome\u2019. A well-known example is the \u2018island rule\u2019, where large species become smaller on islands and small species become larger, leading to well-known cases of dwarfism and gigantism. This pattern was recently verified on a global scale, but the mechanisms underlying it have been poorly investigated. Here, we focused on the role of released pressure from predation and competition experienced by island birds. Using 120 pairs of endemic island species and their mainland sister relatives, we first verified that the island rule was detected in our dataset, and then evaluated the effects of the numbers of raptors and interspecific competitors on the evolution of the insular species' body mass. We found a strong effect of predation on body mass evolution, with a stronger island rule for species occurring on islands with no raptors, while the pattern disappears in their presence. However, we did not find an effect of competition on this pattern. Our study shows the importance of considering ecological interactions for understanding patterns of body size evolution, and the exceptions to those patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T08:14:21Z","timestamp":1679472861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Strength of the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds is positively associated with absence of avian predators"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-5528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raquel","family":"Ponti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBio, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV\/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Espa\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-3960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Doutrelant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7130-144X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBio, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, University of Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2406446"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","volume-title":"Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation","author":"Whittaker RJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whittaker RJ, Fern\u00e1ndez-Palacios JM. 2007 Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation. 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