{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:22:30Z","timestamp":1783034550952,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005966","name":"Leakey Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["General Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["General Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020891","name":"Professional Staff Congress and City University of New York","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PSC-CUNY Award 65202-00 53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSC-CUNY Award 65202-00 53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DEB 1456826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1456826"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DEB 1654949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1654949"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["SBE 2216582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBE 2216582"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Picrodontidae from the middle Palaeocene of North America are enigmatic placental mammals that were allied with various mammalian groups but are generally now considered to have close affinities to paromomyid and palaechthonid plesiadapiforms based on proposed dental synapomorphies. The picrodontid fossil record consists entirely of dental and gnathic remains except for one partial cranium of\n            <jats:italic>Zanycteris paleocenus<\/jats:italic>\n            (AMNH 17180). Here, we use \u00b5CT technology to unveil previously undocumented morphology in AMNH 17180, describe and compare the basicranial morphology of a picrodontid for the first time, and incorporate these new data into cladistic analyses. The basicranial morphology of\n            <jats:italic>Z. paleocenus<\/jats:italic>\n            is distinct from plesiadapiforms and shares similarities with the Palaeogene Apatemyidae and Nyctitheriidae. Results of cladistic analyses incorporating these novel data suggest picrodontids are not stem primates nor euarchontan mammals and that the proposed dental synapomorphies uniting picrodontids with plesiadapiforms and, by extension, primates evolved independently. Results highlight the need to scrutinize proposed synapomorphies of highly autapomorphic taxa with limited fossil records.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:05:12Z","timestamp":1704845112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Basicranial evidence suggests picrodontid mammals are not stem primates"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6104-5112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jordan W.","family":"Crowell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0721-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Wible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6479-5741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen G. B.","family":"Chester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00963801.63-2469.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Studies on the earliest primates","volume":"77","author":"Simpson GG","year":"1940","unstructured":"Simpson GG. 1940 Studies on the earliest primates. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 77, 185-212.","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2406646"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","volume-title":"Evolutionary history of the primates","author":"Szalay FS","year":"1979","unstructured":"Szalay FS, Delson E. 1979 Evolutionary history of the primates. New York, NY: Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21526"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610579104"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00614.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421707112"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.170329"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12200"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2107"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Picrodontidae, a family of early primates","volume":"2329","author":"Szalay FS","year":"1968","unstructured":"Szalay FS. 1968b The Picrodontidae, a family of early primates. Am. Mus. Novitates 2329, 1-55.","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novitates"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2005)079[0635:WOTEOP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/p.78066"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","first-page":"569","article-title":"A Paleocene bat","volume":"37","author":"Matthew WD","year":"1917","unstructured":"Matthew WD. 1917 A Paleocene bat. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 37, 569-571.","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A picrodontid insectivore (?) from the Paleocene of Wyoming","volume":"175","author":"McGrew PO","year":"1962","unstructured":"McGrew PO, Patterson B. 1962 A picrodontid insectivore (?) from the Paleocene of Wyoming. Breviora 175, 1-9.","journal-title":"Breviora"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","unstructured":"Silcox MT. 2001 A phylogenetic analysis of the Plesiadapiformes and their relationship to Euprimates and other archontans. PhD thesis Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/623.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0911"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv261"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx168"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000494"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl8189"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330890409"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Skeleton of late Paleocene Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia, Euarchonta): life history, locomotion, and phylogenetic relationships","volume":"38","author":"Boyer DM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boyer DM, Gingerich PD. 2019 Skeleton of late Paleocene Plesiadapis cookei (Mammalia, Euarchonta): life history, locomotion, and phylogenetic relationships. Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol. 38, 1-263.","journal-title":"Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(02)0195-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2166-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Basicranial morphology of early Tertiary erinaceomorphs and the origin of primates","volume":"2921","author":"MacPhee RDE","year":"1988","unstructured":"MacPhee RDE, Novacek MJ, Storch G. 1988 Basicranial morphology of early Tertiary erinaceomorphs and the origin of primates. Am. Mus. Novitates 2921, 1-42.","journal-title":"Am. Mus. Novitates"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2020.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","first-page":"47A","article-title":"New postcranial bones of the extinct mammalian family Nyctitheriidae (Paleogene, UK): primitive euarchontans with scansorial locomotion","volume":"17","author":"Hooker JJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hooker JJ. 2014 New postcranial bones of the extinct mammalian family Nyctitheriidae (Paleogene, UK): primitive euarchontans with scansorial locomotion. Palaeontol. Electron. 17, 47A.","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Electron."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Contributions to primatology","author":"MacPhee RDE","year":"1981","unstructured":"MacPhee RDE. 1981 Auditory regions of primates and eutherian insectivores. Morphology, ontogeny and character analysis. In Contributions to primatology (ed. FS Szalay), pp. 1-270. New York, NY: Karger."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2992\/0097-4463-77.3.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2992\/007.079.0301"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2388-2_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25174"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229237"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1977.tb00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210050"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","unstructured":"Crowell JW Wible JR Chester SGC. 2023 \u03bcCT scan data of the Zanycteris paleocenus (AMNH 17180) basicranium. (ark:\/87602\/m4\/575062)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","unstructured":"Crowell JW Wible JR Chester SGC. 2023 Character\u2013taxon matrix for cladistic analysis of Zanycteris paleocenus. See http:\/\/morphobank.org\/permalink\/?P4925."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","unstructured":"Crowell JW Wible JR Chester SGB. 2024 Basicranial evidence suggests picrodontid mammals are not stem primates. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.6984336)"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:05:31Z","timestamp":1704845131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0335","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230335"}}