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Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent molecular taxonomic advancements have expanded our understanding of crocodylian diversity, revealing the existence of previously overlooked species, including the Congo dwarf crocodile (<jats:italic>Osteolaemus osborni<\/jats:italic>) in the central Congo Basin rainforests. This study explores the genomic divergence between<jats:italic>O. osborni<\/jats:italic>and its better-known relative, the true dwarf crocodile (<jats:italic>Osteolaemus tetraspis<\/jats:italic>), shedding light on their evolutionary history. Field research conducted in the northwestern Republic of the Congo uncovered a locality where both species coexist in sympatry\/syntopy. Genomic analysis of sympatric individuals reveals a level of divergence comparable to that between ecologically similar South American dwarf caimans (<jats:italic>Paleosuchus palpebrosus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Paleosuchus trigonatus<\/jats:italic>), suggesting parallel speciation in the Afrotropics and Neotropics during the Middle to Late Miocene, 10\u201312 Ma. Comparison of the sympatric and allopatric dwarf crocodiles indicates no gene flow between the analysed sympatric individuals of<jats:italic>O. osborni<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>O. tetraspis<\/jats:italic>. However, a larger sample will be required to answer the question of whether or to what extent these species hybridize. This study emphasizes the need for further research on the biology and conservation status of the Congo dwarf crocodile, highlighting its significance in the unique biodiversity of the Congolian rainforests and thus its potential as a flagship species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T08:25:20Z","timestamp":1715156720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Central African dwarf crocodiles found in syntopy are comparably divergent to South American dwarf caimans"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-4076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"V\u00e1clav","family":"Gvo\u017ed\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, National Museum of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6773-7328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matej","family":"Dolinay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ange-Ghislain","family":"Zassi-Boulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, National Institute for Research in Exact and Natural Sciences (IRSEN) , Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-5064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan R.","family":"Lemmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scientific Computing, Dirac Science Library, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5911-6102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily M.","family":"Lemmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Proch\u00e1zka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crocodile Zoo Protiv\u00edn, Protiv\u00edn , Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Crocodiles of the world. 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