{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:44:45Z","timestamp":1790801085357,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fitness gain curves were introduced into the framework of the Shaw\u2013Mohler equation, the foundation of sex allocation theory. I return to the Shaw\u2013Mohler equation to consider how it embodies the rare-sex advantage underlying frequency-dependent selection on the sex ratio. The Shaw\u2013Mohler formulation is based on the numbers of males and females randomly mating in a panmictic population. Gain curves are meant to describe reproductive success through male and female functions in hermaphrodites and have been inserted in place of male and female numbers in the Shaw\u2013Mohler equation. In doing so, gain curves bypass consideration of the implicit mating process in the Shaw\u2013Mohler argument and can lead to anomalies like unequal total male and female fitness in a population. If gain curves truly represent fitness gain, equality of total male and female fitness requires a constant sex allocation of equal resource investment into male and female functions. The blurring of input with fitness outcome has led to misinterpretation of what gain curves mean in reproductive ecology. They can describe a particular reproductive ecology, such as diminishing fitness returns on resource investment, but lack causal efficacy with respect to sex allocation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T19:05:10Z","timestamp":1709060710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Why the Shaw\u2013Mohler equation works and when it doesn't"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-2596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Burd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University Herbarium, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/281794"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","volume-title":"The theory of sex allocation","author":"Charnov EL","year":"1982","unstructured":"Charnov EL. 1982 The theory of sex allocation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0500"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.5.2480"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00748.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(86)80062-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2409765"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013937"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542053.017","volume-title":"Sex ratios: concepts and research methods","author":"Klinkhamer PGL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klinkhamer PGL, de Jong TJ. 2002 Sex allocation in hermaphrodite plants. In Sex ratios: concepts and research methods (ed. ICW Hardy), pp. 333-348. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2003.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2002.00369.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Sex allocation in plants and the evolution of monoecy","volume":"10","author":"de Jong TJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Jong TJ, Shmida A, Thuijsman F. 2008 Sex allocation in plants and the evolution of monoecy. Evol. Ecol. Res. 10, 1087-1109.","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12711.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2411200"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01872-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2007.01294.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00784.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01618.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01344.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13212"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542053.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198815778.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400840915"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1948.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02057.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379610"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3565669"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02071589"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/588080"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14544"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T10:36:40Z","timestamp":1709807800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0499","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2023.0499\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20230499"}}