{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1788693133098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The actions of the major human leg muscles are well established; however, the functions of these muscle actions during steady running remain unclear. Here, leg structures and mechanisms are considered in terms of their functions in meeting the task of a vehicle acting as an effective machine, supporting body weight during translation with low mechanical work demand and in supplying mechanical work economically. Legs are modelled as a sequence of linkages that predict muscle actions and reveal the varying muscle functions within the integrated leg. Work avoidance is achieved with isometric muscles and linkages that promote a sliding of the hip over the ground contact, resulting in an approximately horizontal path of the centre of mass. Economical work supply requires, for muscle with constrained power, shortening over the entire stance duration; this function is achieved by the hamstrings without disrupting the linkages resulting in work avoidance. In late stance, the two functions occur through coactivation of antagonistic muscles, providing one answer to Lombard\u2019s paradox. Quadriceps and hamstring tensions result in opposing moments about both hip and knee joints, but by doing so perform the independent yet complementary roles of work avoidance during translating weight support and economical work supply.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2024.0260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T09:08:54Z","timestamp":1723021734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The functions of leg muscles, structures and mechanisms in running"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8794-4677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James R.","family":"Usherwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College , Hatfield, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Physiologie des mouvements d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019experimentation \u00e9lectrique et de l\u2019observation clinique: et applicable \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des paralysies et des deformations","author":"Duchenne GB","year":"1867","unstructured":"Duchenne GB . 1867 Physiologie des mouvements d\u00e9montr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019experimentation \u00e9lectrique et de l\u2019observation clinique: et applicable \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des paralysies et des deformations. 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In Classics in movement science (eds ML Latash , VM Zatsiorsky ), pp. 289\u2013315. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90286-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2010.2047592"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0800"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","unstructured":"Usherwood JR . 2024 Data from: The functions of leg muscles structures and mechanisms in running. Dryad. (doi:10.5061\/dryad.2280gb61x)"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","unstructured":"Usherwood JR . 2024 Data from: the functions of leg muscles structures and mechanisms in running. Figshare. 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