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We examined the effects of these stressors on the cognitive function of 238 rainbow trout, using the free movement pattern Y-maze method to assess working memory through navigational search patterns during free exploration sessions. Our results showed that air exposure led to short-term (3\u20134 h post-treatment), but transient impairments in working memory, with no long-term cognitive deficits observed at one week and one month post-treatment. 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