{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:24:22Z","timestamp":1791217462344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013493","name":"British Entomological and Natural History Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000735","name":"University of Cambridge","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The coevolution of insects and chemical plant defences has been described as an arms race, but it is unclear whether physical plant defences can produce similar outcomes. Here, we report a previously unknown interaction from the mutualism between ants and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaranga<\/jats:italic>\n                    trees. Although\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaranga<\/jats:italic>\n                    trees are well protected against herbivory by aggressive ants, caterpillars of the genus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arhopala<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) can feed on the leaves by appeasing the ants with nectar-like secretions. One ant-plant species,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. trachyphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , bears hooked trichomes on its green surfaces. When placed on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. trachyphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    stems or petioles,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arhopala<\/jats:italic>\n                    caterpillars associated with other\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaranga<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. major, A. dajagaka<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. zylda<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were quickly arrested by the sharp trichomes that pierced their cuticle, resulting in death by rapid blood loss and removal by ants. In striking contrast,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. amphimuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    caterpillars, which occur naturally on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. trachyphylla<\/jats:italic>\n                    , could easily walk over the hooked trichomes without any injury. As hooked trichomes are a novel trait within\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Macaranga<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this interaction provides an example of de novo evolution of a physical plant defence, which in turn has been overcome by a specialist herbivore. Our study suggests that physical plant defences can lead to evolutionary arms races similar to those for chemical defences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T07:14:21Z","timestamp":1749194061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Arms race of physical defences: hooked trichomes of\n                    <i>Macaranga<\/i>\n                    ant-plants kill lycaenid caterpillars, but one specialist has a counter-defence"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5941-1582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ritabrata","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Ulmar","family":"Grafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam","place":["Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizah","family":"Metali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam","place":["Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6375-3005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Walter","family":"Federle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01864.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707727114"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","article-title":"Plant defense against herbivory and insect adaptations","volume":"10","author":"Rashid War A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rashid War A, Kumar Taggar G, Hussain B, Sachdeva Taggar M, Nair RM, Sharma HC. 2018 Plant defense against herbivory and insect adaptations. AoB Plants 10, y037. (doi:10.1093\/aobpla\/ply037)","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2406212"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8790.2001.00568.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-019-09678-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2323"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13121123"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.96.3.675"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3983.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4252.482"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/29.2.299"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0307-6946.2005.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-566X2008000300002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-020-09760-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0174"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.02006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11829-007-9021-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0085-56262007000200011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-022-01554-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.2010.00766.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.187.4172.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377547"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Biological notes on herbivorous insects feeding on myrmecophytic Macaranga trees in the Lambir Hills National Park, Borneo","volume":"30","author":"Shimizu-Kaya U","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shimizu-Kaya U, Kishimoto-Yamada K, Itioka T. 2015 Biological notes on herbivorous insects feeding on myrmecophytic Macaranga trees in the Lambir Hills National Park, Borneo. Contrib. Biol. Lab Kyoto Univ. 30, 85\u2013125.","journal-title":"Contrib. Biol. Lab Kyoto Univ."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","first-page":"140","volume-title":"The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo","author":"Whitmore TC","year":"1975","unstructured":"Whitmore TC. 1975 Macaranga Thou. In The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo (ed. HK Airy-Shaw), pp. 140\u2013159, vol. 4. London: HMSO (Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25027834"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2005.00426.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Immature stages and biology of Bornean Arhopala butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) feeding on myrmecophytic Macaranga","volume":"60","author":"Okubo T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okubo T, Yago M, Itioka T. 2009 Immature stages and biology of Bornean Arhopala butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) feeding on myrmecophytic Macaranga. Lepidop. Sci. 60, 37\u201351.","journal-title":"Lepidop. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2013.791943"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120652"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","article-title":"Caterpillar counter-adaptations to hooked trichomes: does the coevolutionary arms race continue?","author":"Chowdhury R","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chowdhury R, de Castro ECP, Julian G, Chen S, Jiggins CD, Federle W. 2025 Caterpillar counter-adaptations to hooked trichomes: does the coevolutionary arms race continue? bioRxiv 2025.03.22.644295. (doi:10.1101\/2025.03.22.644295)","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092825"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury R Grafe TU Metali F Federle W. 2025 Supplementary material from: Arms race of physical defences: Hooked trichomes of Macaranga ant-plants kill lycaenid caterpillars but one specialist has a counter-defence. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7819745)","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.28.635112"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T07:14:23Z","timestamp":1749194063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0005","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0005\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-basis-for":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.52843\/cassyni.vc4p7m","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.01.28.635112","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-07","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20250005"}}