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Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Direct evidence of predation and other trophic relationships provide valuable information about trophic interactions between species in palaeo-communities. Data on ecological interactions amongst extant apex predators open a unique opportunity to better understand how sympatric apex predators coexisted or interacted with each other in the past. Here, we describe direct evidence of a predation or scavenging event in which we hypothesize that a medium-sized caiman (possibly\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Purussaurus neivensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) consumed (either through scavenging or through direct predation) a large terror bird. The distal part of a left tibiotarsus from a phorusrhacid had four pits inflicted on the cortical bone, and no signs of healing, suggesting it did not survive this trophic event. This record contributes to our current understanding of prey consumed by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. neivensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the wetlands of the Pebas System of South America and indicates that large phorusrhacids might have had higher predation risk than previously expected. This study provides evidence of a trophic relation between apex predators and the complexity of trophic interactions in the diverse vertebrate palaeo-community of La Venta in the Middle Miocene of northern South America.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T23:05:05Z","timestamp":1753225505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Direct evidence of trophic interaction between a crocodyliform and a large terror bird in the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-249X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andres","family":"Link","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18\u00aa \u2013 12, J-301","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Wilson","family":"Moreno-Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica y Geociencias, Universidad del Norte","place":["Barranquilla, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-4893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Federico Javier","family":"Degrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), UNC, CONICET","place":["C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan B.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Gonzalo","family":"Ortiz-Pabon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18\u00aa \u2013 12, J-301","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Paleobiolog\u00eda e Historia Natural (GIPHiN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar Augusto","family":"Perdomo-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museo La Tormenta","place":["Villavieja, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-8841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Salas-Gismondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Paleontolog\u00eda de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","place":["Lima, Peru"]},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia","place":["Lima, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.01977"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","volume-title":"Community food webs: data and theory.","author":"Cohen JE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen JE, Briand F, Newman CM. 2012 Community food webs: data and theory. 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