{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:47:20Z","timestamp":1787010440749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sabretoothed mammals exemplify some of the most extreme craniodental morphological specializations in vertebrates. Much attention has been devoted to their elongated upper canines; however, not all sabretooths possess the same complex of morphological characteristics associated with sabres, making generalization of the requirements for specialized jaw function difficult. Here, we test the approximately 150-year-old hypothesis that a unique jaw torus seen in a single sabretooth genus,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nimravus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is an adaptation to resist biting forces. We tested a suite of biting scenarios using finite element analysis and found that the inclusion of a torus structure decreased the performance of the mandible in its stiffness and strain resistance but increased simulated bite force as well as efficiency. The presence of a torus also preferentially improved the overall performance of the mandible at higher gape angles, configurations often inferred for sabretooths. Lastly, a potential novel torus-associated portion of the masseter muscle would have further increased bite performance. The strong association between morphology and performance suggests that the torus may have played a mechanical role in mastication, and its apparent unique evolution is another prime example of mosaic evolution in the sabretooth functional morphology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T23:05:19Z","timestamp":1756249519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanical function of the unique alveolar torus in the sabretooth\n                    <i>Nimravus brachyops<\/i>\n                    (Nimravidae, Carnivora)"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-4230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Z. Jack","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-8574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narimane","family":"Chatar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.1627"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25447"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.0044"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1658"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recherches sur les mammiferes fossiles des d\u00e9pots de phosphate de Chaux dans les Departements du Lot, du Tarn et de Tarn-et-Garonne","volume":"3","author":"Filhol H","year":"1872","unstructured":"Filhol H. 1872 Recherches sur les mammiferes fossiles des d\u00e9pots de phosphate de Chaux dans les Departements du Lot, du Tarn et de Tarn-et-Garonne. Ann. Sci. G\u00e9ol. 3, 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. G\u00e9ol."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Les chats des Phosphorites du Quercy","volume":"20","author":"Piveteau J","year":"1932","unstructured":"Piveteau J. 1932 Les chats des Phosphorites du Quercy. Ann. Paleont. 20, 107\u2013163.","journal-title":"Ann. Paleont."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","first-page":"370","article-title":"Second contribution to a knowledge of the Miocene fauna of Oregon","volume":"18","author":"Cope ED","year":"1879","unstructured":"Cope ED. 1879 Second contribution to a knowledge of the Miocene fauna of Oregon. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 18, 370\u2013376.","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"The phylogeny of the Felidae","volume":"28","author":"Matthew WD","year":"1910","unstructured":"Matthew WD. 1910 The phylogeny of the Felidae. Bull Am Mus. Nat Hist 28, 289\u2013316.","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus. 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Figshare. 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