{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T14:37:43Z","timestamp":1782571063632,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/journals\/author\/Licence-to-Publish-20062019-final.pdf"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Innovative problem-solving in birds has traditionally focused on corvids and parrots, but growing evidence shows that many other bird species are also capable of such feats. The vertical string-pulling paradigm, a hallmark test of avian cognition, requires birds to retrieve suspended food by incrementally pulling the string with their bill while securing it with their foot, demonstrating sensorimotor flexibility and the capacity to perceive some of the task\u2019s properties. However, Oriental pied hornbills (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anthracoceros albirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) present an interesting case due to their distinctive foot morphology; their fused proximal phalanges may limit their ability to employ the typical foot assisted string-pulling technique used by other birds. In this study, six hornbills were presented with two string-pulling tasks, each requiring a different approach. Despite their anatomical constraints, five birds solved both problems on their first encounter, with average solution times under 18 s. Strikingly, individuals immediately deployed distinct and appropriate strategies: vigorous shaking to dislodge unsecured rewards and coordinated bill-and-tongue manipulation for secured ones. These rapid, flexible responses suggest that hornbills are highly sensitive to task properties and capable of adjusting their behaviour based on both environmental structure and their own morphology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T23:06:09Z","timestamp":1755644769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Task affordances shape hornbills\u2019 problem-solving strategies"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0024-9861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elias","family":"Garcia-Pelegrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]},{"name":"Mandai Wildlife Group","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800648-1.00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003527"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88217-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa107"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.211781"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038746"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198526223.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000348485"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arv190"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0182"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13169"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01133.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2005.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030674"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009345"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01172.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12614"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-014-0782-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","volume-title":"The hornbills","author":"Kemp AC","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kemp AC. 1995 The hornbills. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21284"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","unstructured":"Del Hoyo J Del Hoyo J Elliott A Sargatal J. 1992 Handbook of the birds of the world. Barcelona Spain: Lynx Edicions."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","unstructured":"Robinson HC Chasen FN. 1927 The birds of the Malay Peninsula. London UK: H.F. & G. Witherby."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","volume-title":"The ecology and conservation of Asian hornbills: farmers of the forest","author":"Kinnaird MF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kinnaird MF, O\u2019Brien TG. 2007 The ecology and conservation of Asian hornbills: farmers of the forest. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0547"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10164-018-0565-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21674"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Food items and foraging sites of the oriental pied-hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) during breeding season in Sungai Panjang, Sabak Bernam, Malaysia","volume":"42","author":"Rahman F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman F, Ismail A, Nurul-Huda MJ. 2019 Food items and foraging sites of the oriental pied-hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) during breeding season in Sungai Panjang, Sabak Bernam, Malaysia. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci 42, 251\u2013259.","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20432"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2004.00211.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","article-title":"Task affordances shape hornbills\u2019 problem-solving strategies","author":"Garcia-Pelegrin E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Garcia-PelegrinE. 2025 Task affordances shape hornbills\u2019 problem-solving strategies. OSF. See https:\/\/osf.io\/d76pe\/?view_only=93138f593fdc42bca5227d5b11b4bf35.","journal-title":"OSF"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Pelegrin E. 2025 Supplementary material from: Task affordances shape Hornbills\u2019 problem-solving strategies. Figshare. (doi:10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.7945201)","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.03.646957"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1755644780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0271","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v2\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0271\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-24","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20250271"}}