{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:43:58Z","timestamp":1789267438023,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Province Young and Middle-Aged Academic and Technical Leaders Reserve Talents Program","award":["grant to Q.L. and P.S.A, no. 202305AC350252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant to Q.L. and P.S.A, no. 202305AC350252"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement","award":["grant to R.P.D., no. 101062426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant to R.P.D., no. 101062426"]}]},{"name":"Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["grant to M.Z. and Q.L., no. 42130209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant to M.Z. and Q.L., no. 42130209"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Foundation","award":["grant to Q.L., no. 42362001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant to Q.L., no. 42362001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China for International Excellent Young Scientists","award":["grant to P.S.A., no. W2432027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant to P.S.A., no. W2432027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biol. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A distinct shoulder region, defined by endoskeletal and dermal girdles and associated pectoral musculature, is a major evolutionary adaptation of jawed vertebrates. In teleost model species, the large (macromeric) pectoral dermal bones can be derived from multiple embryonic tissues, identifying the shoulder of osteichthyans as a developmentally complex area at the head\u2013trunk boundary. The absence of bone in living chondrichthyans makes Palaeozoic stem groups capable of dermal ossification key to understanding the underpinnings of skeletal growth in the shoulder of crown gnathostomes (osteichthyans and chondrichthyans). Here, using synchrotron X-ray tomography we demonstrate that individual pectoral plates in the oldest unequivocal jawed vertebrate, the Silurian (c. 439 Mya) chondrichthyan\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fanjingshania renovata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , develop from five separate growth centres. These centres correspond to pectoral bony spines that fuse neighbouring dermal scales into a pinnal plate and their expansion is accompanied by cyclical resorption and remodelling of bone and dentine. Our phylogenetic analyses support an interpretation of these processes as crown and stem gnathostome characters that co-occur only in the shoulder girdle of stem chondrichthyans. The systematic hard tissue remodelling in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fanjingshania<\/jats:italic>\n                    reveals an unexpected growth dynamic within chondrichthyans that relates to the formation of a macromeric skeleton through integration of modular elements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:35:15Z","timestamp":1758720915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The shoulder girdle of early chondrichthyans grew by skeletal remodelling"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-1139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Plamen S.","family":"Andreev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University","place":["Qujing, China"]},{"name":"Department of Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-0898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Brakenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9735-8214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University","place":["Qujing, China"]},{"name":"Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key CAS Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Natural History and Culture, Qujing Normal University","place":["Qujing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Marone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut","place":["Villigen, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Dearden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]},{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-837X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"R\u00fccklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Leiden","place":["Leiden, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06702-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04897-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","first-page":"122","volume-title":"Major transitions in vertebrate evolution","author":"Wilson M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wilson M, Hanke G, M\u00e4rss T. 2007 Paired fins of jawless vertebrates and their homologies across the \u2018agnathan\u2019\u2013gnathostome transition. 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