{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:11:07Z","timestamp":1769613067933,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\/ProAp PPGERN"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nests are extended phenotypes capable of providing brood protection against predators, and because they are motionless structures, camouflage is expected to emerge. Birds from different families construct a tail of hung materials underneath their nests, which has been hypothesized to be a type of disruptive camouflage, i.e. an appendage that gives a nest a false shape for hindering detection by predators. Predictions of this hypothesis are that for predators that are visually oriented, nests without a tail are easier to detect, yet this hypothesis never received support likely because predator species and other variables were not considered. Here, we compared predation between nests of blue manakins for which tails were maintained or experimentally removed. To avoid the effects of parental movements in predator\u2019s attraction, we used real inactive nests with Plasticine eggs. We also controlled for nest site variables and excluded nests depredated by olfactory animals by monitoring nests with infrared camera traps. Predation was 10 times higher in nests without a tail, and tail absence was the only significant variable explaining nest predation. Furthermore, all of the recorded predators were visually oriented. This is the first work confirming the antipredatory adaptive function of avian nest tails, and corroborated the disruptive camouflage hypothesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:11:32Z","timestamp":1769559092000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Why do birds construct nest tails? A test of disruptive camouflage in the blue manakin"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Cassiano Bueno","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UFSCar 1 , , ,","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"department":["Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais - PPGERN"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1fini Let\u00edcia","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFSCar 1 , , ,","place":["S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"department":["Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais - PPGERN"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercival Roberto","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, campus de Sorocaba 2 , , ,","place":["Sorocaba, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"department":["Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Ambientais"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012719112816400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0341","article-title":"How camouflage works","volume":"372","author":"Merilaita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.03.044","article-title":"Camouflage","volume":"26","author":"Nokelainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12438","article-title":"The key role of behaviour in animal camouflage","volume":"94","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0216","article-title":"Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions","volume":"364","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139106788","volume-title":"Bird nests and construction behaviour","author":"Hansell","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R6","volume-title":"Parent birds and their young","author":"Skutch","year":"1976"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12926","article-title":"The influence of egg presence and eggshell colour in the attraction of visually oriented predators to nests of a tropical forest bird","volume":"163","author":"Zima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1525\/auk.2012.129.4.589","article-title":"Adaptive breeding-habitat selection: is it for the birds?","volume":"129","author":"Chalfoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3161\/00016454AO2020.55.2.005","article-title":"Nest site selection along forest-streams by two forest-dwelling neotropical passerines","volume":"55","author":"Perrella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ornithol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arv096","article-title":"Hiding in plain sight: a study on camouflage and habitat selection in a slow-moving desert herbivore","volume":"26","author":"Nafus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6532","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014629108","article-title":"Density-dependent predation influences the evolution and behavior of masquerading prey","volume":"108","author":"Skelhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01347.x","article-title":"The evolution and ecology of masquerade","volume":"99","author":"Skelhorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R13","article-title":"Does the use of nest materials in a ground-nesting bird result from a compromise between the risk of egg overheating and camouflage?","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2558-7","article-title":"Individual egg camouflage is influenced by microhabitat selection and use of nest materials in ground-nesting birds","volume":"72","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2307\/3677062","article-title":"Nest and egg crypsis in the ground-nesting stone curlew Burhinus oedicnemus","volume":"26","author":"Solis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Avian Biol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0256-x","article-title":"Improvement of individual camouflage through background choice in ground-nesting birds","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2494","article-title":"Nest covering in plovers: how modifying the visual environment influences egg camouflage","volume":"6","author":"Troscianko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.12.031","article-title":"Egg-laying substrate selection for optimal camouflage by quail","volume":"23","author":"Lovell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1642\/AUK-14-77.1","article-title":"Birds build camouflaged nests","volume":"132","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/00222939600771181","article-title":"The function of lichen flakes and white spider cocoons on the outer surface of birds\u2019 nests","volume":"30","author":"Hansell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12848","article-title":"Evaluation of disruptive camouflage of avian cup-nests","volume":"163","author":"Mulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1674\/0003-0031-167.1.136","article-title":"Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) nest tail structure and function in temperate forests","volume":"167","author":"Master","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R23","volume-title":"The birds of South America","author":"Ridgely","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1676\/1559-4491-129.1.53","article-title":"Breeding behavior of the Atlantic forest endemic blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)","volume":"129","author":"Zima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wilson J. Ornithol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.13110","article-title":"Mixed evidence for nest masquerading in the blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata)","volume":"165","author":"Zima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/117.1.136","article-title":"Visual and olfactory attributes of artificial nests","volume":"117","author":"Rangen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R27","volume-title":"Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho: management plan","author":"Mattoso","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00619.x","article-title":"Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic Forests in Southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate","volume":"82","author":"Oliveira-Filho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R29","volume-title":"Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica da implanta\u00e7\u00e3o e s\u00edntese das informa\u00e7\u00f5es dispon\u00edveis sobre o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho","author":"Ferraz","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2013\/0507","article-title":"K\u00f6ppen\u2019s climate classification map for Brazil","volume":"22","author":"Alvares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zoologia.35.e14678","article-title":"Testing camera traps as a potential tool for detecting nest predation of birds in a tropical rainforest environment","volume":"35","author":"Ribeiro-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoologia"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2010.18835.x","article-title":"An \u2018ecological trap\u2019 for yellow warbler nest microhabitat selection","volume":"120","author":"Latif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.14321","article-title":"Stronger negative species interactions in the tropics supported by a global analysis of nest predation in songbirds","volume":"49","author":"Matysiokov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5479\/si.00810282.9","article-title":"An analysis of nesting mortality in birds","volume":"9","author":"Ricklefs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Smithson. Contrib. Zool."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04265-x","article-title":"Asynchronous evolution of interdependent nest characters across the avian phylogeny","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12819","article-title":"Enclosed nests may provide greater thermal than nest predation benefits compared with open nests across latitudes","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"2026012719112816400_R39","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Why do birds construct nest tails? A test of disruptive camouflage in the blue manakin. Figshare.","author":"Martins","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0453\/5675947\/rsbl.2025.0453.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0453\/5675947\/rsbl.2025.0453.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:11:44Z","timestamp":1769559104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article\/22\/1\/20250453\/479731\/Why-do-birds-construct-nest-tails-A-test-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"article-number":"20250453"}}