{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:49:10Z","timestamp":1785836950410,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we used a multi-faceted approach to understand patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and persistence in a wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population. Serology data indicated transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and persistence during the seven-month sampling period. Traditional disease modelling based on deer-to-deer transmission indicated relatively low prevalence with an R0 of 1.9 and recovery period of 7 days; however, individual-based modelling informed by GPS tracked-movement data captured a potential transmission event. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a recurring pattern of divergent groups of deer-derived sequences with human-derived sequences falling close to each deer-derived cluster. Further, human-derived sequences were frequently sampled months prior to the deer-derived sequences, indicating repeated human to deer spillover. Using multiple types of data as well as both fine and broad scale analyses, we have characterized a pattern of localized outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 within white-tailed deer populations that are likely recurring due to frequent spillover events. Our results suggest that while deer-to-deer transmission occurs over small spatiotemporal scales, SARS-CoV-2 persistence over longer periods and across larger regions is likely driven by repeated spillover from human populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:25:43Z","timestamp":1765355143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Viral outbreak dynamics and evolution in wildlife at the interface with humans"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael Marie","family":"Giglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Westmoreland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Wilber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture 2 , , ,","place":["Knoxville, TN, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grete","family":"Wilson-Henjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aung Nyein","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University 3 , , ,","place":["Logan, UT, USA"],"department":["Department of Wildland Resources"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture 2 , , ,","place":["Knoxville, TN, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wantida","family":"Horpiencharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University 4 , , ,","place":["University Park, PA, USA"],"department":["Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4901-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderick B.","family":"Gagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine 5 , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"department":["Department of Pathobiology, Wildlife Futures Program"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avery","family":"Corondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dark Hollow Wildlife Consulting, LLC 6 , , ,","place":["Auburn, PA, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University 4 , , ,","place":["University Park, PA, USA"],"department":["Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7200-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kezia","family":"Manlove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University 3 , , ,","place":["Logan, UT, USA"],"department":["Department of Wildland Resources"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9931-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim M.","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture 1 , , ,","place":["Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"department":["National Wildlife Research Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. David","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Geological Survey 7 , , ,","place":["University Park, PA, USA"],"department":["Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010522505660800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114828118","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 exposure in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"118","author":"Chandler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2026010522505660800_R2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in white-tailed deer throughout their range in the conterminous United States.","author":"Bevins","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026010522505660800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/7589509","article-title":"Landscape-scale epidemiological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer","volume":"2024","author":"Hewitt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2026010522505660800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40706-y","article-title":"Accelerated evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in free-ranging white-tailed deer","volume":"14","author":"McBride","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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