{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:33:24Z","timestamp":1772156004648,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adaptations of nocturnal insects\u2019 visual systems to dim light environments include increased photon capture and sensitivity. Yet this risks saturation, which is countered by screening pigments limiting the photons reaching the photoreceptors. Male glow-worms must detect the females\u2019 green bioluminescence at night to mate. In addition to screening pigments, males possess a differentially pigmented pronotal shield beneath which they can retract their compound eyes. The possible role of the pronotal shield in behavioural regulation of the light reaching their eyes has not, to our knowledge, been investigated. Here, we characterize the spectral filter properties of the pronotal shield and combine this with behavioural assays of males\u2019 response to light exposure. We show that the pronotal shield acts as a differential filter transmitting longer wavelengths of light to the compound eyes beneath while blocking shorter wavelengths. Male glow-worms in the dark or in the presence of green light extend their head but rapidly retract it beneath the pronotal shield when exposed to white or UV light, thereby shielding their compound eyes. Thus, our findings suggest the pronotal shield acts as a behaviourally implemented extraretinal optical filter for the compound eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:39:32Z","timestamp":1768999172000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of a pronotal shield as an extraretinal short-wavelength filter for the dorsal compound eye of an insect"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle M.","family":"Moubarak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex School of Life Sciences 1 , , ,","place":["Brighton, East Sussex, UK"],"department":["Department of Ecology and Evolution"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7786-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy E.","family":"Niven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sussex School of Life Sciences 1 , , ,","place":["Brighton, East Sussex, UK"],"department":["Department of Ecology and Evolution"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012107392836400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.984282","article-title":"Night skies through animals\u2019 eyes\u2014quantifying night-time visual scenes and light pollution as viewed by animals","volume":"16","author":"St\u00f6ckl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160063","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0063","article-title":"The remarkable visual capacities of nocturnal insects: vision at the limits with small eyes and tiny brains","volume":"372","author":"Warrant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144852","article-title":"Vision and visual navigation in nocturnal insects","volume":"56","author":"Warrant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74082-4_8","volume-title":"Facets of vision","author":"Stavenga","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80934-7_26","volume-title":"Photoreceptor optics","author":"Langer","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R6","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Invertebrate neurobiology","author":"Warrant","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01342700","article-title":"Modification of spectral sensitivities by screening pigments in the compound eyes of twilight-active fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)","volume":"162","author":"Lall","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01044","article-title":"Colour vision in the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca (L.) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): evidence for a green-blue chromatic mechanism","volume":"207","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050001","article-title":"Tuning of photoreceptor spectral sensitivity in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)","volume":"186","author":"Cronin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00018.x","article-title":"Larval and adult emission spectra of bioluminescence in three European firefly species","volume":"79","author":"De Cock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Artificial lighting impairs mate attraction in a nocturnal capital breeder","volume":"223","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2020.1749323","article-title":"Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos \u00d3rg\u00e3os mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro)\u2014one of the \u2018hottest\u2019 firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)","volume":"54","author":"Silveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R13","volume-title":"The glow-worm","author":"Tyler","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.1671","article-title":"A light in the dark: a mid-Cretaceous bioluminescent firefly with specialized antennal sensory organs","volume":"291","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1649\/892.1","article-title":"Reflex-bleeding in the firefly Pyrocoelia pectoralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): morphological basis and possible function","volume":"60","author":"Fu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coleopt. Bull."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.245760","article-title":"Artificial light impairs local attraction to females in male glow-worms","volume":"226","author":"Moubarak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403961","article-title":"Spectral identification of lighting type and character","volume":"10","author":"Elvidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150884","article-title":"The switch from low-pressure sodium to light emitting diodes does not affect bat activity at street lights","volume":"11","author":"Rowse","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00127","article-title":"LED Zappelin\u2019: an open source LED controller for arbitrary spectrum visual stimulation and optogenetics during 2-photon imaging","volume":"8","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00007","article-title":"Bonsai: an event-based framework for processing and controlling data streams","volume":"9","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R22","unstructured":"R Core Team\n          . 2023R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. See https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R24","unstructured":"Kassambra\n              A\n            \n          . 2023Package \u2018rstatix\u2019: pPipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests. Version 0.7.2. CRAN Repository. Seehttps:\/\/rpkgs.datanovia.com\/rstatix\/."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R25","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13163311","article-title":"First estimation of global trends in nocturnal power emissions reveals acceleration of light pollution","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1nchez de Miguel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq7781","article-title":"Citizen scientists report global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars from 2011 to 2022","volume":"379","author":"Kyba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12440","article-title":"Insect declines and agroecosystems: does light pollution matter?","volume":"173","author":"Grubisic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11337","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4557","article-title":"The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: a review and synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Owens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12754","article-title":"Mechanistic, ecological, and evolutionary consequences of artificial light at night for insects: review and prospective","volume":"167","author":"Desouhant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Et Appl."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108259","article-title":"Light pollution is a driver of insect declines","volume":"241","author":"Owens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159451","article-title":"The color of artificial light affects mate attraction in the common glow-worm","volume":"857","author":"Kivel\u00e4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10841-014-9664-2","article-title":"Low levels of light pollution may block the ability of male glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca L.) to locate females","volume":"18","author":"Bird","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Insect Conserv."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R34","first-page":"31","article-title":"Impact of artificial light on the distribution of the common European glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)","volume":"2","author":"Ineichen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lampyrid"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12121","article-title":"A comprehensive review and call for studies on firefly larvae","volume":"9","author":"Riley","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2307\/1539252","article-title":"Physiology of insect diapause. XIV. An endocrine mechanism for the photoperiodic control of pupal diapause in the oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi","volume":"127","author":"Williams","year":"1964","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(81)90067-6","article-title":"Light transmission through the head capsule of an aphid, Megoura viciae","volume":"27","author":"Hardie","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384747-8.10006-6","volume-title":"Insect molecular biology and biochemistry","author":"Andersen","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-591606-6.50010-0","volume-title":"The physiology of insecta","author":"Hackman","year":"1974"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(77)90100-7","article-title":"Spectral transmission through the cuticle of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana","volume":"23","author":"Ball","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R41","article-title":"Data from: Use of a pronotal shield as an extraretinal short-wavelength filter for the dorsal compound eye of an insect. Dryad Digital Repository.","author":"Moubarak","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026012107392836400_R42","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Use of a pronotal shield as an extraretinal short-wavelength filter for the dorsal compound eye of an insect. Figshare.","author":"Moubarak","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0586\/5656990\/rsbl.2025.0586.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0586\/5656990\/rsbl.2025.0586.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T12:39:38Z","timestamp":1768999178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article\/22\/1\/20250586\/479545\/Use-of-a-pronotal-shield-as-an-extraretinal-short"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0586","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1098\/RSBL.2025.0586\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"article-number":"20250586"}}