{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:55:33Z","timestamp":1792608933998,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000076","name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Missouri, St. Louis"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Populations in managed care are valuable resources that complement in situ conservation efforts, but adaptation to captive conditions and other domestication effects present concerns for conservation. Many populations of fish adapted to sulfide springs are highly endemic and imperiled, potentially benefiting from ex situ conservation efforts. However, it is challenging to maintain natural conditions in the laboratory as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is highly toxic and coincides with severe hypoxia. Here, we tested whether long-term standardized rearing of sulfide spring fishes leads to the loss of H2S and hypoxia tolerances. We compared the tolerances of Poecilia mexicana (Poeciliidae) from sulfidic and non-sulfidic habitats that were reared in the laboratory for 18 years and wild-caught fish from the same sites. Both H2S and hypoxia tolerances were maintained in laboratory-reared fish from the sulfidic habitat. Additionally, fish from a non-sulfidic cave site, evolutionarily derived from a sulfidic population, exhibited higher H2S and hypoxia tolerances than fish from the non-sulfidic surface site. While domestication can lead to the loss of adaptations to extreme environmental conditions, our research indicates this is not a concern in laboratory stocks of P. mexicana, which retained tolerance of H2S and hypoxia despite not experiencing these stressors for approximately 40 generations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2025.0646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T10:20:17Z","timestamp":1770200417000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Resilient by nature: managed rearing does not erode physiochemical tolerances of an extremophile fish"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0899-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri-St Louis 1 , , ,","place":["St Louis, MO, USA"],"department":["Department of Biology"]},{"name":"University of Missouri-St Louis 2 , , ,","place":["St Louis, MO, USA"],"department":["Whitney R Harris World Ecology Center"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenin","family":"Arias Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco 3 , ,","place":["Villahermosa, Mexico"],"department":["Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Schlupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma 4 , , ,","place":["Norman, OK, USA"],"department":["School of Biological Sciences"]},{"name":"University of Oklahoma 5 , , ,","place":["Norman, OK, USA"],"department":["International Stock Center for Livebearing Fishes"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri-St Louis 1 , , ,","place":["St Louis, MO, USA"],"department":["Department of Biology"]},{"name":"University of Missouri-St Louis 2 , , ,","place":["St Louis, MO, USA"],"department":["Whitney R Harris World Ecology Center"]},{"name":"Saint Louis Zoo 6 , , ,","place":["Saint Louis, MO, USA"],"department":["WildCare Institute"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020503311778900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00684.x","article-title":"Conceptual issues in local adaptation","volume":"7","author":"Kawecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. 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Conserv."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605310001766","article-title":"Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation","volume":"46","author":"Pritchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12449","article-title":"Ark or park: the need to predict relative effectiveness of ex situ and in situ conservation before attempting captive breeding","volume":"52","author":"Dolman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-190","article-title":"Predator-induced changes of female mating preferences: innate and experiential effects","volume":"11","author":"Bierbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evol. 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Sociobiol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.246037","article-title":"Physiological differences between wild and captive animals: a century-old dilemma","volume":"226","author":"Turko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03399.x","article-title":"Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs","volume":"17","author":"Frankham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab012","article-title":"Fish domestication in aquaculture: 10 unanswered questions","volume":"11","author":"Teletchea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. 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Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R22","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Extremophile fishes","author":"Plath","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14497","article-title":"Extreme environments and the origins of biodiversity: adaptation and speciation in sulphide spring fishes","volume":"27","author":"Tobler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011899817764","article-title":"A review of morphological and behavioural changes in the cave molly, Poecilia mexicana, from Tabasco, Mexico","volume":"62","author":"Parzefall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00466.x","article-title":"Toxic hydrogen sulfide and dark caves: phenotypic and genetic divergence across two abiotic environmental gradients in Poecilia mexicana","volume":"62","author":"Tobler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032418","article-title":"The evolutionary ecology of animals inhabiting hydrogen sulfide-rich environments","volume":"47","author":"Tobler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071069","article-title":"The rediscovery of a long described species reveals additional complexity in speciation patterns of poeciliid fishes in sulfide springs","volume":"8","author":"Palacios","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01716.x","article-title":"Two endemic and endangered fishes, Poecilia sulphuraria (Alvarez, 1948) and Gambusia eurystoma Miller, 1975 (Poeciliidae, Teleostei) as only survivors in a small sulphidic habitat","volume":"72","author":"Tobler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14249","article-title":"Genome-scale data reveal that endemic Poecilia populations from small sulphidic springs display no evidence of inbreeding","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02069.x","article-title":"Geographic variation in phenotypic plasticity in response to dissolved oxygen in an African cichlid fish","volume":"23","author":"Crispo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/1874404400802010075","article-title":"Developmental plasticity, genetic differentiation, and hypoxia-induced trade-offs in an African cichlid fish","volume":"2","author":"Chapman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Evol. J."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoae033","article-title":"Multiple stressors lead to complex responses in reproductive behaviors in an African cichlid","volume":"70","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Zool."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448409029321","article-title":"A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R39","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide","author":"Choud","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-024-01555-w","article-title":"Effects of plasticity and genetic divergence in phenotypic trait expression of sulfide spring fishes","volume":"107","author":"Nobrega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004223117","article-title":"Convergent evolution of conserved mitochondrial pathways underlies repeated adaptation to extreme environments","volume":"117","author":"Greenway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R57","first-page":"3264","article-title":"Physiological tradeoffs may underlie the evolution of hypoxia tolerance and exercise performance in sunfish (Centrarchidae)","volume":"218","author":"Crans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130303","article-title":"Physiological trade-offs along a fast-slow lifestyle continuum in fishes: what do they tell us about resistance and resilience to hypoxia?","volume":"10","author":"Stoffels","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1139\/z03-009","article-title":"Interdemic variation in the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri: correlations among hypoxia, morphology, and feeding performance","volume":"81","author":"Schaack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R60","first-page":"935","article-title":"Compensatory behaviour in response to sulphide-induced hypoxia affects time budgets, feeding efficiency, and predation risk","volume":"11","author":"Tobler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-008-0382-z","article-title":"Male-biased predation of a cave fish by a giant water bug","volume":"95","author":"Tobler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R62","unstructured":"International Union for Conservation of Nature\n          . 2025Scaling collaborative action for threatened freshwater fishes through ex situ conservation. Resolution. IUCN Library System. Seehttps:\/\/portals.iucn.org\/library\/node\/52761."},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R63","article-title":"Data from: Resilient by nature: managed rearing does not erode physiochemical tolerances of an extremophile fish. Dryad Digital Repository.","author":"Williams","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026020503311778900_R64","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Resilient by nature: Managed rearing does not erode physiochemical tolerances of an extremophile fish. 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