{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T01:17:47Z","timestamp":1787707067135,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["473281\/2013\u20139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["473281\/2013\u20139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.000839\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.000839\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0193.001090\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0193.001090\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00193.00000962\/2018-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193.00000962\/2018-40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00193-00001412\/2019-29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00001412\/2019-29"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Climate change is altering breeding phenology patterns in different ways across regions, periods and species. We examined spatial and temporal variation in the breeding phenology of four Neotropical birds, specifically testing whether the magnitude of phenological shifts increases with distance from the equator, as previously reported for Northern Hemisphere species. We used data from 1310 clutches from Pitangus sulphuratus, Zonotrichia capensis, Tyrannus savana and Troglodytes aedon, spanning 1901\u20132020 and latitudes 32\u00b0N to \u221254\u00b0S. Breeding dates were analysed in relation to time, latitude and climatic variables through Bayesian linear models. Species showed very contrasting responses. Temporal patterns differed among species: Ty. savana and Tr. aedon delayed breeding over time, P. sulphuratus advanced and Z. capensis showed no temporal effect. Latitude influenced breeding phenology in Z. capensis, and year\u2013latitude interactions indicated spatial variation in temporal changes for Ty. savana and Tr. aedon. Although all species analysed exhibited latitudinal structure in breeding phenology, the magnitude and direction of temporal changes differ among species, with no evidence that phenological shifts become stronger at higher latitudes farther from the equator, and that the Northern and Southern Hemispheres show different patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:20:22Z","timestamp":1787703622000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complex breeding phenological shifts of neotropical birds across space and time"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-3227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yara","family":"Ballarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ecologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia 1 , Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7300-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"\u00c2ngelo Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia e Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Aves Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia 2 , Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12162","article-title":"Changes in breeding phenology and population size of birds","volume":"83","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Effects of climate change on birds","author":"Dunn","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ukaf017","DOI":"10.1093\/ornithology\/ukaf017","article-title":"Weather conditions influence breeding initiation of an intra-tropical migrant bird, Sporophila lineola","volume":"142","author":"Haller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ornithology"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01286","article-title":"A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems","volume":"421","author":"Parmesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1552","article-title":"Temporal shifts in avian phenology across the circannual cycle in a rapidly changing climate: a global meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Romano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01333","article-title":"Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants","volume":"421","author":"Root","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.0214","article-title":"Cyclical environments drive variation in life-history strategies: a general theory of cyclical phenology","volume":"286","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14526","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14526","article-title":"Spatial nonstationarity in phenological responses of Nearctic birds to climate variability","volume":"27","author":"Tonelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22258-0","article-title":"Acceleration of phenological advance and warming with latitude over the past century","volume":"8","author":"Post","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0067-3","article-title":"A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change","volume":"8","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02536-z","article-title":"Advances in breeding phenology outpace latitudinal and elevational shifts for North American birds tracking temperature","volume":"8","author":"Neate-Clegg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01386.x","article-title":"Climate envelope, life history traits and the resilience of birds facing global change","volume":"13","author":"Jiguet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1157174","article-title":"Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in response to climate change in a wild bird population","volume":"320","author":"Charmantier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621749","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.621749","article-title":"Ecological correlates of elevational range shifts in tropical birds","volume":"9","author":"Neate-Clegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075514","article-title":"Phenological changes in the Southern Hemisphere","volume":"8","author":"Chambers","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13683","article-title":"Climate change affects bird nesting phenology: comparing contemporary field and historical museum nesting records","volume":"92","author":"Bates","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/ukaa036","article-title":"The five million bird eggs in the world's museum collections are an invaluable and underused resource","volume":"137","author":"Marini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auk"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C18","article-title":"Birds of the World. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA","author":"Billerman","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C19","volume-title":"The eBird\/Clements checklist of birds of the world (v2025)","author":"Clements","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2013-014","article-title":"ggmap: Spatial visualization with ggplot2","volume":"5","author":"Kahle","year":"2013","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C21","article-title":"Data for: Complex breeding phenological shifts of Neotropical birds across space and time","author":"Ballarini","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0453-3","article-title":"Version 4 of the CRU TS dataset","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","article-title":"WorldClim 2","volume":"37","author":"Fick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C24","volume-title":"JAGS: a program for Bayesian graphical models","author":"Plummer","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C25","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C26","first-page":"495","article-title":"Nonstationarity in ecological research","volume":"21","author":"Rollinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20222181","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.2181","article-title":"Current and lagged climate affects phenology across diverse taxonomic groups","volume":"290","author":"Prather","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18608","article-title":"Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels","volume":"535","author":"Thackeray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026082520201639900_RSBL20260199C29","article-title":"Supplementary material from: Complex breeding phenological shifts of neotropical birds across space and time","volume-title":"Figshare","author":"Ballarini","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0199\/6159958\/rsbl.2026.0199.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0199\/6159958\/rsbl.2026.0199.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:20:26Z","timestamp":1787703626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article\/22\/8\/20260199\/482906\/Complex-breeding-phenological-shifts-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0199","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9561","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"20260199"}}