{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:20:10Z","timestamp":1788308410032,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) and SANParks"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The ecological effects of large herbivores are shaped by their spatial and temporal patterns of activity (i.e. where, when and how intensely they use specific locations). When large herbivores\u2019 ecological influences are perceived to be undesirable, the traditional approach has been to reduce their population size. This numbers-first logic assumes that ecological effects scale primarily with abundance. We argue that this framing provides an incomplete understanding of large herbivores\u2019 ecological impacts. Using African elephants (Loxodonta africana) as a well-documented case study, we show that ecological effects on plants, animals and ecosystem processes correlate more with spatio-temporal patterns of activity than with population size. In large, open systems characterized by strong gradients of water availability, forage quality, shade and risk, elephants concentrate into predictable hotspots while relaxing activity elsewhere, generating localized impacts and opportunities for recovery. By contrast, in small, fenced or fragmented landscapes, where movements are constrained, and gradients are weak, spatial self-regulation breaks down, producing homogenized use and widespread ecological effects. We contend that understanding where, when and under what constraints herbivores use space provides a more general and mechanistic basis for interpreting ecological influence than abundance alone, with implications that extend beyond elephants to large herbivores globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:06:34Z","timestamp":1788307594000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activity shapes large herbivores\u2019 ecological influences"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Services, South African National Parks 1 , Skukuza, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Nature Conservation and Marine Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2 , Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-005X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"McCleery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida 3 , Gainesville, Fl, USA"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria 4 , Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090120062683800_RSBL20260252C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565441","volume-title":"Megaherbivores: the influence of very large body size on ecology","author":"Owen-Smith","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026090120062683800_RSBL20260252C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2307\/1310545","article-title":"Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies","volume":"37","author":"Senft","year":"1987","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"2026090120062683800_RSBL20260252C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2013.00613.x","article-title":"Spatial ecology of large herbivore populations","volume":"37","author":"Owen-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"2026090120062683800_RSBL20260252C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/1937156","article-title":"The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference","volume":"61","author":"Johnson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026090120062683800_RSBL20260252C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0095","article-title":"Foraging theory upscaled: the behavioural ecology of herbivore movement","volume":"365","author":"Owen-Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phil. 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