{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T01:06:47Z","timestamp":1788916007059,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Valley Project Improvement Act Anadromous Fisheries Restoration Programme"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006450","name":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R18AP00136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18AP00136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a widespread anthropogenic pollution that poses challenges for wildlife in nearly every ecosystem on planet Earth. Although there has been substantial progress on understanding the effects of ALAN on animal physiology and behaviour, few studies have estimated its population-level impacts in the wild, leaving the potential conservation benefits of ALAN reduction unresolved. Here, we evaluated the population-level effect of ALAN reduction through its impact on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) vulnerability to predation during oceanward migration through California's Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta (Delta). Removal of all ALAN sources was conservatively predicted to allow up to 1123 additional successful migrants per million migration attempts, depending on the baseline rate of through-Delta migration success and phototaxic behaviour. Reducing the impact of ALAN in this system could have small but worthwhile benefits for salmon at a cost and degree of contention that is trivial compared with many other habitat restoration actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:17:38Z","timestamp":1788913058000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Population-level impacts of reducing artificial light at night across an entire migratory corridor"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan M.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California 1 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin P.","family":"Burford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California 1 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University 3 , Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Demetras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California 1 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California 1 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"},{"name":"National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2 , Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220360","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0360","article-title":"Light pollution of freshwater ecosystems: principles, ecological impacts, and remedies","volume":"378","author":"H\u00f6lker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2173","article-title":"Artificial light at night alters behavior in laboratory and wild animals","volume":"329","author":"Russart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zoo. A: Ecol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41379820","volume-title":"Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting","author":"Rich","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12638","article-title":"Effects of artificial light at night on fishes: a synthesis with future research priorities","volume":"23","author":"Bassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15447\/sfews.2019v17iss4art3","article-title":"Where predators and prey meet: anthropogenic contact points between fishes in a freshwater estuary","volume":"17","author":"Lehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"SFEWS"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-012-0001-x","article-title":"Diel movements of out-migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) smolts in the Sacramento\/San Joaquin Watershed","volume":"96","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.12.009","article-title":"Street lighting disrupts the diel migratory pattern of wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts leaving their natal stream","volume":"3","author":"Riley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2003)084[1713:DVMBJS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Diel vertical migration by juvenile sockeye salmon: empirical evidence for the antipredation window","volume":"84","author":"Scheuerell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1983)112<508:PFBOLB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Piscivorous feeding behavior of largemouth bass: an experimental analysis","volume":"112","author":"Howick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2006.01075.x","article-title":"Linking piscivory to spatial\u2013temporal distributions of pelagic prey fishes with a visual foraging model","volume":"69","author":"Mazur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-071","article-title":"Effects of light, prey size, and turbidity on reaction distances of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to salmonid prey","volume":"56","author":"Vogel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1139\/f76-003","article-title":"Factors affecting rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) predation on migrant fry of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)","volume":"33","author":"Ginetz","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Fish. Board Can."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025807711512","article-title":"A comparison of visual prey detection among species of piscivorous salmonids: effects of light and low turbidities","volume":"67","author":"Mazur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1994.tb01095.x","article-title":"Light-mediated predation by northern squawfish on juvenile Chinook salmon","volume":"45","author":"Petersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1139\/f71-210","article-title":"Increased predation by the torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus, on coho salmon fry, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during moonlight nights","volume":"28","author":"Patten","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Fish. Board Can."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1577\/M02-095","article-title":"The effect of light intensity on sockeye salmon fry migratory behavior and predation by cottids in the Cedar River, Washington","volume":"24","author":"Tabor","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12024","article-title":"Potential effects of artificial light associated with anthropogenic infrastructure on the abundance and foraging behaviour of estuary-associated fishes","volume":"50","author":"Becker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/tafs.10286","article-title":"Effects of artificial lighting at night on predator density and salmonid predation","volume":"150","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2023.11.001","article-title":"Light pollution from illuminated bridges as a potential barrier for migrating fish\u2013linking measurements with a proposal for a conceptual model","volume":"74","author":"P\u00e9rez Vega","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1126\/science.231.4738.567","article-title":"The modification of an estuary","volume":"231","author":"Nichols","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15447\/sfews.2018v16iss2art3","article-title":"Managing for salmon resilience in California's variable and changing climate","volume":"16","author":"Herbold","year":"2018","journal-title":"SFEWS"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"art8","DOI":"10.15447\/sfews.2016v14iss2art8","article-title":"Predation on fishes in the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Grossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"SFEWS"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C23","article-title":"Effects of fish predation on salmonids in the Sacramento RiverSan Joaquin Delta and associated ecosystems","author":"Grossman","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10391","article-title":"Limitations of active removal to manage predatory fish populations","volume":"40","author":"Michel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. 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Bull."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C28","article-title":"Aris data and predation event recorder data from contact point experiments in the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta Ver 1","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"EDI"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression Models and Life-Tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Royal Statist. Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C30","volume-title":"A package for survival analysis in R","author":"Therneau","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C31","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/02755947.2012.728178","article-title":"Route use and survival of juvenile Chinook salmon through the San Joaquin River Delta","volume":"33","author":"Buchanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2021-0042","article-title":"From drought to deluge: spatiotemporal variation in migration routing, survival, travel time, and floodplain use of an endangered migratory fish","volume":"79","author":"Hance","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2014-0528","article-title":"Chinook salmon outmigration survival in wet and dry years in California's Sacramento River","volume":"72","author":"Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1577\/M08-200.1","article-title":"Estimating survival and migration route probabilities of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin River Delta","volume":"30","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2017-0310","article-title":"Flow-mediated effects on travel time, routing, and survival of juvenile Chinook salmon in a spatially complex, tidally forced river delta","volume":"75","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C37","article-title":"Central Valley salmon and steelhead marking\/coded-wire tagging program","volume":"4","author":"Buttars","year":"2021","journal-title":"PSMFC"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/00028487.2017.1305988","article-title":"Phototaxic behavior of subyearling salmonids in the nearshore area of two urban lakes in western Washington state","volume":"146","author":"Tabor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2018-0140","article-title":"Decoupling outmigration from marine survival indicates outsized influence of streamflow on cohort success for California's Chinook salmon populations","volume":"76","author":"Michel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/nafm.10063","article-title":"Survival of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon through the San Joaquin River delta, California, 2010\u20132015","volume":"38","author":"Buchanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C41","first-page":"775","article-title":"Spatial distribution of juvenile salmonids in the Hanford Reach, Columbia River","volume":"87","author":"Dauble","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fish. Bull."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.014","article-title":"Mean free-path length theory of predator\u2013prey interactions: application to juvenile salmon migration","volume":"186","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.037","article-title":"Coastal urban lighting has ecological consequences for multiple trophic levels under the sea","volume":"576","author":"Bolton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(2000)129<1360:EATRPB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Experimental attempts to reduce predation by harbor seals on out-migrating juvenile salmonids","volume":"129","author":"Yurk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2023.110393","article-title":"Simulating the migration dynamics of juvenile salmonids through rivers and estuaries using a hydrodynamically driven enhanced particle tracking model","volume":"482","author":"Sridharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15447\/sfews.2008v6iss2art2","article-title":"Losses of Sacramento River Chinook salmon and Delta smelt to entrainment in water diversions in the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta","volume":"6","author":"Kimmerer","year":"2008","journal-title":"SFEWS"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2013-0601","article-title":"Can behavioral fish-guidance devices protect juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from entrainment into unscreened water-diversion pipes","volume":"71","author":"Mussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025839132274","article-title":"Dietary shifts in a stressed fish assemblage: consequences of a bivalve invasion in the San Francisco Estuary","volume":"67","author":"Feyrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/02755947.2015.1121938","article-title":"Habitat alterations and a nonnative predator, the striped bass, increase native Chinook salmon mortality in the Central Valley, California","volume":"36","author":"Sabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"2026090820172989700_RSBL20260304C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000250","article-title":"Spatially balanced sampling","volume":"99","author":"Stevens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Statist. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Biology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0304\/6164508\/rsbl.2026.0304.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0304\/6164508\/rsbl.2026.0304.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:17:44Z","timestamp":1788913064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsbl\/article\/22\/9\/20260304\/483221\/Population-level-impacts-of-reducing-artificial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2026.0304","relation":{},"ISSN":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1744-9561","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-957X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"article-number":"20260304"}}