{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1790388381923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation, South Africa","award":["Grant No. IPRR (UID 81235)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. IPRR (UID 81235)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interface Focus."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The inability to develop multiscale models which can describe vector-borne disease systems in terms of the complete pathogen life cycle which represents multiple targets for control has hindered progress in our efforts to control, eliminate and even eradicate these multi-host infections. This is because it is currently not easy to determine precisely where and how in the life cycles of vector-borne disease systems the key constrains which are regarded as crucial in regulating pathogen population dynamics in both the vertebrate host and vector host operate. In this article, we present a general method for development of multiscale models of vector-borne disease systems which integrate the within-host and between-host scales for the two hosts (a vertebrate host and a vector host) that are implicated in vector-borne disease dynamics. The general multiscale modelling method is an extension of our previous work on multiscale models of infectious disease systems which established a basic science and accompanying theory of how pathogen population dynamics at within-host scale scales up to between-host scale and in turn how it scales down from between-host scale to within-host scale. Further, the general method is applied to multiscale modelling of human onchocerciasis\u2014a vector-borne disease system which is sometimes called river blindness as a case study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T04:40:49Z","timestamp":1576212049000},"page":"20190047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A general method for multiscale modelling of vector-borne disease systems"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8909-2236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Winston","family":"Garira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6820-688X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Faraimunashe","family":"Chirove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization & UNICEF. 2017 Global vector control response 2017\u20132030 (No. WHO\/HTM\/GVCR\/2017.01). World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2017.1367849"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1473287"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"A primer on multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems","volume":"3","author":"Garira W","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Model."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339019500074"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp116"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-016-0239-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2013.772253"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0433"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/mmnp:2008051"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12537"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.03242"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-012-0520-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es504422q"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2017.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003938"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90015-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.669"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Chavez C Feng Z Huang W. 2002 On the computation of R 0 and its role in global stability. In Mathematical approaches for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases part 1: an introduction to models methods and theory. The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications vol. 125 (eds C Castillo-Chavez S Blower P van den Driessche D Kirschner) pp. 229\u2013250. Berlin Germany: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0065-6"}],"container-title":["Interface Focus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:24:27Z","timestamp":1778621067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsfs\/article\/64081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-8898","2042-8901"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-8898","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-8901","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}