{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:25:49Z","timestamp":1767828349338,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1458,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1458,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1458,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article considers the history of medical image-making to shed light on an aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Starting from a contemporary art commission in the Science Museum's \u2018Medicine: The Wellcome Galleries\u2019, we look at the role of image production and presentation in understanding the spread of disease. From the intertwined histories of art and scientific image-making, we explore five examples of iconic medical images, by John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Arthur Schuster, Donald Caspar and Aaron Klug, ending with a model of the coronavirus by the Cambridge University Laboratory of Molecular Biology. We trace how images have provided the means for discovery, for description and for diagnosis and outline the different ways in which diseases have been located in the history of the medical image: in the community, in the body, in the cell and on the image itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T13:23:51Z","timestamp":1633958631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Locating disease spread: cholera to coronavirus and the art of the image"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-7572","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katy","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD, UK","department":["Curatorial, Science Museum Group, Science Museum,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Belknap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD, UK","department":["Curatorial, Science Museum Group, Science Museum,"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","reference":[{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C1","volume-title":"Objectivity","author":"Daston","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C2","article-title":"Artist interviews\u2014new art for medicine: the Wellcome galleries","volume":"14","author":"Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Mus. Group J"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C3","first-page":"99","article-title":"Medical illustration: from caves to cyberspace","volume":"18","author":"Tsafrir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Info. Libr. J."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C4","volume-title":"The sick rose: or; disease and the art of medical illustration","author":"Barnett","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C5","volume-title":"Prints and visual communication","author":"Ivins","year":"1969"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442678477-009","article-title":"Towards an epistemology of scientific illustration","volume-title":"Picturing knowledge: historical and philosophical problems concerning the use of art in science","author":"Topper","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C7","volume-title":"The print before photography: an introduction to European printmaking 1550\u20131820","author":"Griffiths","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442678477","volume-title":"Picturing knowledge: historical and philosophical problems concerning the use of art in science","author":"Baigrie","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C9","author":"Jones","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C10","volume-title":"Visualizations: the nature book of art and science","author":"Kemp","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C11","volume-title":"On the mode of communication of cholera","author":"Snow","year":"1855"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3138\/cart-2019-0029","article-title":"Cartographic inference: a Peircean perspective","volume":"55","author":"Cromley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00345-7","article-title":"Our sense of Snow: the myth of John Snow in medical geography","volume":"50","author":"McLeod","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C14","volume-title":"Notes on matters on the health, efficiency and hospital administration of the British Army founded chiefly on the experience of the late war","author":"Nightingale","year":"1858"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C15","first-page":"31","article-title":"Victorian statistical graphics and the iconography of Florence Nightingale's polar area graph","volume":"27","author":"Magnello","year":"2012","journal-title":"BSHM Bullet."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C16","volume-title":"Micrographia; or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon","author":"Hooke","year":"1665"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C17","volume-title":"Essays in the history of the microscope","author":"Turner","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087418000511","article-title":"Illustrating natural history: images, periodicals, and the making of nineteenth-century scientific communities","volume":"51","author":"Belknap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Hist. Sci."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03306-9","article-title":"150 years of scientific illustration","volume":"575","author":"Belknap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkt007","article-title":"More than meets the eye: revealing the therapeutic potential of \u2018Light\u2019, 1896\u20131910","volume":"26","author":"Jamison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Hist. Med."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198509530.001.0001","volume-title":"Mapping the spectrum: techniques of visual representation in research and teaching","author":"Hentschel","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C22","author":"Caspar","year":"1962"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-96-1287","article-title":"Virus design, 1955\u20131962: science meets art","volume":"96","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C24","first-page":"215","article-title":"Why there was a useful plausible analogy between geodesic domes and spherical viruses","volume":"28","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hist. Phil. Life Sci."},{"key":"2026010712441283500_RSFS20210014C25","author":"Highfield","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Interface Focus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsfs\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014\/1468292\/rsfs.2021.0014.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsfs\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014\/1468292\/rsfs.2021.0014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:44:22Z","timestamp":1767807862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/rsfs\/article\/11\/6\/20210014\/121710\/Locating-disease-spread-cholera-to-coronavirus-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-8901"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-8901","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"20210014"}}