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The effects of such a heterogeneous distribution of cuticle material properties in the mandible responses to biting loading are still poorly explored in chewing insects. Here, we tested the mechanical properties of mandibles of the ant species\n                    <jats:italic>Formica cunicularia<\/jats:italic>\n                    by nanoindentation and investigated the effects of the cuticular variation in Young's modulus (E) under bite loading with finite-element analysis (FEA). The masticatory margin of the mandible, which interacts with the food, was the hardest and stiffest region. To unravel the origins of the mechanical property gradients, we characterized the elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The masticatory margin possessed high proportions of Cu and Zn. When incorporated into the FEA, variation in E effectively changed mandible stress patterns, leading to a relatively higher concentration of stresses in the stiffer mandibular regions and leaving the softer mandible blade with relatively lower stress. Our results demonstrated the relevance of cuticle E heterogeneity in mandibles under bite loading, suggesting that the accumulation of transition metals such as Cu and Zn has a relevant correlation with the mechanical characteristics in\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>cunicularia<\/jats:italic>\n                    mandibles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2023.0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T19:05:17Z","timestamp":1712862317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mechanical and elemental characterization of ant mandibles: consequences for bite mechanics"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6561-6573","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cristian L.","family":"Klunk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-4871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Heethoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-6811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rg U.","family":"Hammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9712-7953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2158-9806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wencke","family":"Krings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Liebigstra\u00dfe 12, Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg 20146, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","volume-title":"Principles of insect morphology","author":"Snodgrass RE","year":"1935","unstructured":"Snodgrass RE. 1935 Principles of insect morphology. 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