{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:05:26Z","timestamp":1792508726444,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]],"date-time":"2005-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel indentation method for characterizing the viscoelastic properties of alginate and agarose hydrogel based constructs, which are often used as a model system of soft biological tissues. A sensitive long working distance microscope was used for measuring the time-dependent deformation of the thin circular hydrogel membranes under a constant load. The deformation of the constructs was measured laterally. The elastic modulus as a function of time can be determined by a large deformation theory based on Mooney\u2013Rivlin elasticity. A viscoelastic theory, Zener model, was applied to correlate the time-dependent deformation of the constructs with various gel concentrations, and the creep parameters can therefore be quantitatively estimated. The value of Young's modulus was shown to increase in proportion with gel concentration. This finding is consistent with other publications. Our results also showed the great capability of using the technique to measure gels with incorporated corneal stromal cells. This study demonstrates a novel and convenient technique to measure mechanical properties of hydrogel in a non-destructive, online and real-time fashion. Thus this novel technique can become a valuable tool for soft tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]],"date-time":"2005-07-28T18:27:24Z","timestamp":1122575244000},"page":"455-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":287,"title":["Characterizing the viscoelastic properties of thin hydrogel-based constructs for tissue engineering applications"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Ahearne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia J","family":"El Haj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kong Y","family":"Then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, City HospitalBirmingham B18 7QU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Kang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)87644-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"1658","article-title":"Proteoglycan synthesis by bovine keratocytes and corneal fibroblasts: maintenance of the keratocyte phenotype in culture","volume":"40","author":"Beales M.P","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest. 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