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One target is to eliminate TB by 2050; that is, to cut the annual incidence of new cases to less than 1 per million population. National TB control programmes are working to eliminate TB mainly by intensifying efforts to find and cure patients with active disease. Here, we use mathematical modelling to show that, while most TB patients can be cured with present drug regimens, the 2050 target is far more likely to be achieved with a combination of diagnostics, drugs and vaccines that can detect and treat both latent infection and active disease. We find that the coupling of control methods is particularly effective because treatments for latent infection and active disease act in synergy. This synergistic effect offers new perspectives on the cost-effectiveness of treating latent TB infection and the impact of possible new TB vaccines. Our results should be a stimulus to those who develop, manufacture and implement new technology for TB control, and to their financial donors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,16]],"date-time":"2007-08-16T16:08:37Z","timestamp":1187280517000},"page":"653-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Eliminating human tuberculosis in the twenty-first century"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Dye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 201211 Geneva 27, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson R.M& May R.M Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. 1991 Oxford UK:Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69863-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Berkeley Madonna. 2007 Berkeley CA:University of California."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0895-815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5274.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68507-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00483-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Tuberculosis: a comprehensive international approach","author":"Cohn D.L","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Wiley series in mathematical and computational biology","author":"Diekmann O","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68384-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Disease control priorities in developing countries","author":"Dye C","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.140102797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03199-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"460","article-title":"Targets for global tuberculosis control","volume":"10","author":"Dye C","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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