{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T09:12:02Z","timestamp":1792746722698,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"suppl_6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,7]],"date-time":"2009-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254873600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections can be spread via \u2018contact\u2019 with droplets from expiratory activities such as talking, coughing and sneezing, and also from aerosol-generating clinical procedures. Droplet sizes predominately determine the times they can remain airborne, the possibility of spread of infectious diseases and thus the strategies for controlling the infections. While significant inconsistencies exist between the existing measured data on respiratory droplets generated during expiratory activities, a food dye was used in the mouth during measurements of large droplets, which made the expiratory activities \u2018unnatural\u2019. We carried out a series of experiments using glass slides and a microscope as well as an aerosol spectrometer to measure the number and size of respiratory droplets produced from the mouth of healthy individuals during talking and coughing with and without a food dye. The total mass of respiratory droplets was measured using a mask, plastic bag with tissue and an electronic balance with a high precision. Considerable subject variability was observed and the average size of droplets captured using glass slides and microscope was about 50\u2013100 \u00b5m. Smaller droplets were also detected by the aerosol spectrometer. More droplets seemed to be generated when a food dye was used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0388.focus","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]],"date-time":"2009-10-08T00:27:27Z","timestamp":1254961647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":373,"title":["Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Faculty of Power Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 78 Bancang Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuguo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hequan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"The numbers and the sites of origin of the droplets expelled during expiratory activities","volume":"52","author":"Duguid J. 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