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In this study, casein protein cross-linked with naturally occurring genipin (genipin-cross-linked casein (GCC)) was used for the first time to make a biodegradable conduit for peripheral nerve repair. The GCC conduit was dark blue in appearance with a concentric and round lumen. Water uptake, contact angle and mechanical tests indicated that the conduit had a high stability in water and did not collapse and cramped with a sufficiently high level of mechanical properties. Cytotoxic testing and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling assay showed that the GCC was non-toxic and non-apoptotic, which could maintain the survival and outgrowth of Schwann cells. Non-invasive real-time nuclear factor-\u03baB bioluminescence imaging accompanied by histochemical assessment showed that the GCC was highly biocompatible after subcutaneous implantation in transgenic mice. Effectiveness of the GCC conduit as a guidance channel was examined as it was used to repair a 10 mm gap in the rat sciatic nerve. Electrophysiology, labelling of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the lumbar spinal cord, and histology analysis all showed a rapid morphological and functional recovery for the disrupted nerves. Therefore, we conclude that the GCC can offer great nerve regeneration characteristics and can be a promising material for the successful repair of peripheral nerve defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,28]],"date-time":"2011-04-28T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1303967620000},"page":"1622-1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Novel use of biodegradable casein conduits for guided peripheral nerve regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Hsiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Chuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, 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