{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:48:23Z","timestamp":1785826103198,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"99","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,6]],"date-time":"2014-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Host immunity and demographics (the recruitment of susceptibles via birthrate) have been demonstrated to be a key determinant of the periodicity of measles, pertussis and dengue epidemics. However, not all epidemic cycles are from pathogens inducing sterilizing immunity or are driven by demographics. Many sexually transmitted infections are driven by sexual behaviour. We present a mathematical model of disease transmission where individuals can disconnect and reconnect depending on the infectious status of their contacts. We fit the model to historic syphilis (\n            <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n            ) and gonorrhea (\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            ) incidence in the USA and explore potential intervention strategies against syphilis. We find that cycles in syphilis incidence can be driven solely by changing sexual behaviour in structured populations. Our model also explains the lack of similar cycles in gonorrhea incidence even if the two infections share the same propagation pathways. Our model similarly illustrates how sudden epidemic outbreaks can occur on time scales smaller than the characteristic demographic time scale of the population and that weaker infections can lead to more violent outbreaks. Behaviour also appears to be critical for control strategies as we found a bigger sensitivity to behavioural interventions than antibiotic treatment. Thus, behavioural interventions may play a larger role than previously thought, especially in the face of antibiotic resistance and low intervention efficacies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T09:18:41Z","timestamp":1407403121000},"page":"20140575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Epidemic cycles driven by host behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Althouse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"H\u00e9bert-Dufresne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Physique, de G\u00e9nie Physique, et d'Optique, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec (Qu\u00e9bec), Canada G1V 0A6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/433366a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70065-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199704000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195602000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006 Syphilis Elimination Effort (SEE). The national plan to eliminate syphilis from the United States. Technical report. See http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/stopsyphilis\/seeplan2006.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.036107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.208701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.82.036116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2953377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.3200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.82.036115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.108103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemics on contact networks: a general stochastic approach","author":"No\u00ebl P-A","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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Venereal Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30484-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.026105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Fourier analysis of time series: an introduction","author":"Bloomfield P","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.8_Pt_1.1104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.9.983"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Demirel G& Gross T. 2012 Absence of epidemic thresholds in a growing adaptive network. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1209.2541)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.081730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Epid\u00e9mie de syphilis en guadeloupe en 2001: lien avec la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 sociale et la consommation de crack","volume":"48","author":"Muller P","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. 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