{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:17:42Z","timestamp":1781749062615,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"102","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Free forward flight of cicadas is investigated through high-speed photogrammetry, three-dimensional surface reconstruction and computational fluid dynamics simulations. We report two new vortices generated by the cicada's wide body. One is the thorax-generated vortex, which helps the downwash flow, indicating a new phenomenon of lift enhancement. Another is the cicada posterior body vortex, which entangles with the vortex ring composed of wing tip, trailing edge and wing root vortices. Some other vortex features include: independently developed left- and right-hand side leading edge vortex (LEV), dual-core LEV structure at the mid-wing region and near-wake two-vortex-ring structure. In the cicada forward flight, approximately 79% of the total lift is generated during the downstroke. Cicada wings experience drag in the downstroke, and generate thrust during the upstroke. Energetics study shows that the cicada in free forward flight consumes much more power in the downstroke than in the upstroke, to provide enough lift to support the weight and to overcome drag to move forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,6]],"date-time":"2014-12-06T00:26:09Z","timestamp":1417825569000},"page":"20141116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Computational investigation of cicada aerodynamics in forward flight"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB, OH 45433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00663"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5422.1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384626a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.022269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.161.1.77","article-title":"Vortex formation in the tethered flight of the peacock butterfly inachis io L. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) and some aspects of insect flight evolution","volume":"161","author":"Brodsky AK","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.182.1.11","article-title":"Vortex formation during tethered flight of functionally and morphologically 2-winged insects, including evolutionary considerations on insect flight","volume":"182","author":"Grodnitsky DL","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0418"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"The biomechanics of insect flight: form, function, evolution","author":"Dudley R","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1986.tb00641.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1570-7458.1997.00186.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.159.1.335","article-title":"Biomechanics of flight in neotropical butterflies: aerodynamics and mechanical power requirements","volume":"159","author":"Dudley R","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081944"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.21.2723","article-title":"The mechanics of flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. II. Aerodynamic consequences of kinematic and morphological variation","volume":"200","author":"Willmott AP","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.178103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-009-0631-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0312"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03264"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148.1.19","article-title":"Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees 0.1. Kinematics and morphology","volume":"148","author":"Dudley R","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.2.281","article-title":"Aerodynamic characteristics of the wings and body of a dragonfly","volume":"199","author":"Okamoto M","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.23.3439","article-title":"The novel aerodynamics of insect flight: applications to micro-air vehicles","volume":"202","author":"Ellington CP","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04442.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.005686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.069005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(78)90110-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2012.565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002211200600190X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2008.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.008649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","unstructured":"Hunt JCR Wray AA& Moin P. 1988 Eddies stream and convergence zones in turbulent flows. See http:\/\/ctr.stanford.edu\/Summer\/201306111537.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01612"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.7.1133","article-title":"The changes in power requirements and muscle efficiency during elevated force production in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"200","author":"Lehmann FO","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00517"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1299\/jbse.1.234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.111.1.131","article-title":"Tracheal gases, respiratory gas-exchange, body-temperature and flight in some tropical cicadas","volume":"111","author":"Bartholomew GA","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3495905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7701346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","volume-title":"Comparative biomechanics: life\u2018s physical world","author":"Vogel S","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148.1.53","article-title":"Mechanics of forward flight in bumblebees. 2. Quasi-steady lift and power requirements","volume":"148","author":"Dudley R","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112007006209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0090"}],"container-title":["Journal of The Royal Society Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T23:34:30Z","timestamp":1650756870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"102","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2014.1116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-5689","1742-5662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-5689","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-5662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-11-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-01-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}