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Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited available information describes how running-specific prostheses and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations. Accordingly, we quantified the effects of prosthetic stiffness, height and speed on the biomechanics of five athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations during treadmill running. Each athlete performed a set of running trials with 15 different prosthetic model, stiffness and height combinations. Each set of trials began with the athlete running on a force-measuring treadmill at 3 m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, subsequent trials incremented by 1 m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>until they achieved their fastest attainable speed. We collected ground reaction forces (GRFs) during each trial. Prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed each affected biomechanics. Specifically, with stiffer prostheses, athletes exhibited greater peak and stance average vertical GRFs (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= 0.03;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), increased overall leg stiffness (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= 0.21;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001), decreased ground contact time (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.07;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001) and increased step frequency (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= 0.042;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Prosthetic height inversely associated with step frequency (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.021;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Running speed inversely associated with leg stiffness (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>= \u22120.58;<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.001). Moreover, at faster running speeds, the effect of prosthetic stiffness and height on biomechanics was mitigated and unchanged, respectively. Thus, prosthetic stiffness, but not height, likely influences distance running performance more than sprinting performance for athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T09:10:11Z","timestamp":1498641011000},"page":"20170230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["How do prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations?"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen N.","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Taboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alena M.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90224-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185.1.71","article-title":"Running springs: speed and animal size","volume":"185","author":"Farley CT","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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