{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:10:20Z","timestamp":1778908220325,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"159","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Grant 13166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant 13166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dead sporulating female fly cadavers infected by the house fly-pathogenic fungus<jats:italic>Entomophthora muscae<\/jats:italic>are attractive to healthy male flies, which by their physical inspection may mechanically trigger spore release and by their movement create whirlwind airflows that covers them in infectious conidia. The fungal artillery of<jats:italic>E. muscae<\/jats:italic>protrudes outward from the fly cadaver, and consists of a plethora of micrometric stalks that each uses a liquid-based turgor pressure build-up to eject a jet of protoplasm and the initially attached spore. The biophysical processes that regulate the release and range of spores, however, are unknown. To study the physics of ejection, we design a biomimetic \u2018soft cannon\u2019 that consists of a millimetric elastomeric barrel filled with fluid and plugged with a projectile. We precisely control the maximum pressure leading up to the ejection, and study the cannon efficiency as a function of its geometry and wall elasticity. In particular, we predict that ejection velocity decreases with spore size. The calculated flight trajectories under aerodynamic drag predict that the minimum spore size required to traverse a quiescent layer of a few millimetres around the fly cadaver is approximately 10 \u00b5m. This corroborates with the natural size of<jats:italic>E. muscae<\/jats:italic>conidia (approx. 27 \u00b5m) being large enough to traverse the boundary layer but small enough (less than 40 \u00b5m) to be lifted by air currents. Based on this understanding, we show how the fungal spores are able to reach a new host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2019.0448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T07:06:31Z","timestamp":1572419191000},"page":"20190448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Fungal artillery of zombie flies: infectious spore dispersal using a soft water cannon"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-4132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jolet","family":"de Ruiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0596-6376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sif Fink","family":"Arnbjerg-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8358-9636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pascal","family":"Herren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1971 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freja","family":"H\u00f8ier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3326-5729","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henrik H.","family":"De Fine Licht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1971 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0787-5283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaare H.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158277"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382034-1.00003-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"925","article-title":"Sporangium discharge in Pilobolus: a photographic study","volume":"146","author":"Page RM","year":"1964","journal-title":"Sci. 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