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R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel method to locate the centre of keratoconus (KC) and the transition zone between the pathological area and the rest of the corneal tissue is proposed in this study. A spherical coordinate system was used to generate a spherical height map measured relative to the centre of the optimal sphere fit, and normal to the surface. The cone centre was defined as the point with the maximum height. Second derivatives of spherical height were then used to estimate the area of pathology in an iterative process. There was mirror symmetry between cone centre locations in both eyes. The mean distance between cone centre and corneal apex was 1.45 \u00b1 0.25 mm (0.07\u20132.00), the mean cone height normal to the surface was 37 \u00b1 23 \u00b5m (2\u2013129) and 75 \u00b1 45 \u00b5m (5\u2013243) in the anterior and posterior surfaces, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the cone height and the radius of the sphere of optimal fit (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05 for both anterior and posterior surfaces). On average, posterior cone height was larger than the corresponding anterior cone height by 37 \u00b1 24 \u00b5m (0\u2013158). The novel method proposed can be used to estimate the cone centre and area, and explore the changes in anterior and posterior corneal surfaces that take place with KC progression. It can help improve understanding of keratoconic corneal morphology and assist in developing customized treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T07:05:47Z","timestamp":1596611147000},"page":"20200271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterization of cone size and centre in keratoconic corneas"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ashkan","family":"Eliasy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-4632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo T.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Corneal Tomography and Biomechanics Study Group, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Renato","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1936.00840170112011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-198803000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00195.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19891101-10","article-title":"Computer-assisted corneal topography in keratoconus","volume":"5","author":"Rabinowitz YS","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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