{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:04:53Z","timestamp":1782216293393,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"177","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Human Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["80NSSC19K1298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K1298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["80NSSC20K0920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NNX16AT06G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AT06G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005737","name":"Idaho Space Grant Consortium","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NNX10AM75H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNX10AM75H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#1R01NS11128301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1R01NS11128301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008065","name":"Georgia Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Spaceflight is known to cause ophthalmic changes in a condition known as spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). It is hypothesized that SANS is caused by cephalad fluid shifts and potentially mild elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) in microgravity. Head-down tilt (HDT) studies are a ground-based spaceflight analogue to create cephalad fluid shifts. Here, we developed non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques to quantify ophthalmic structural changes under acute 15\u00b0 HDT. We specifically quantified: (i) change in optic nerve sheath (ONS) and optic nerve (ON) cross-sectional area, (ii) change in ON deviation, an indicator of ON tortuosity, (iii) change in vitreous chamber depth, and (iv) an estimated ONS Young's modulus. Under acute HDT, ONS cross-sectional area increased by 4.04 mm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            (95% CI 2.88\u20135.21 mm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0. 000), while ON cross-sectional area remained nearly unchanged (95% CI \u22120.12 to 0.43 mm\n            <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.271). ON deviation increased under HDT by 0.20 mm (95% CI 0.08\u20130.33 mm,\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.002). Vitreous chamber depth decreased under HDT by \u22120.11 mm (95% CI \u22120.21 to \u22120.03 mm,\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.009). ONS Young's modulus was estimated to be 85.0 kPa. We observed a significant effect of sex and BMI on ONS parameters, of interest since they are known risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The tools developed herein will be useful for future analyses of ON changes in various conditions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T07:12:44Z","timestamp":1619593964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["MRI-based quantification of ophthalmic changes in healthy volunteers during acute 15\u00b0 head-down tilt as an analogue to microgravity"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7434-0900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart H.","family":"Sater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcyone Therapeutics Inc., Lowell, MA 01852, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin M.","family":"Sass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akari","family":"Seiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabryel Conley","family":"Natividad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dev","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey Q.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, Institute of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Oshinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Ross","family":"Ethier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryn A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcyone Therapeutics Inc., Lowell, MA 01852, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, MC1122, Moscow, ID 83844-1122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","volume-title":"Biomedical results from Skylab","author":"Johnston RS","year":"1977","unstructured":"Johnston RS, Dietlein LF. 1977 Biomedical results from Skylab. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2523-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0514-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.6.2158"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0070-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111986"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000467"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.5261"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0673"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-0097-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312934"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0831-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.4653.2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.259126"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00986.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273557"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00302.2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24713"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Effects of head-down tilt on cerebral blood flow in humans and rabbits","volume":"9","author":"Yasumasa A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yasumasa A, Inoue S, Tatebayashi K, Shiraishi Y, Kawai Y. 2002 Effects of head-down tilt on cerebral blood flow in humans and rabbits. J. Gravit. Physiol. 9, 89-90.","journal-title":"J. Gravit. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-00119-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103924"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01383383"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","volume-title":"A reference handbook of the medical sciences: embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science","author":"Buck AH","year":"1894","unstructured":"Buck AH. 1894 A reference handbook of the medical sciences: embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science. New York, NY: W. Wood & Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048281"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12841"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22600"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18986"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0800-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.777"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520320065016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"The effect of head-down tilt and water immersion on intracranial pressure in nonhuman primates","volume":"63","author":"Keil LC","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keil LC, Mckeever KH, Skidmore MG, Hines JO, Severs WB. 1992 The effect of head-down tilt and water immersion on intracranial pressure in nonhuman primates. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 63, 181-185.","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. 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