{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:19:29Z","timestamp":1780553969351,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"The Royal Society","issue":"175","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/journals\/ethics-policies\/data-sharing-mining\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Germany's Excellence Strategy","award":["EXC-2193\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC-2193\/1"]}]},{"name":"DFG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["royalsocietypublishing.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In the course of biological evolution, plant stems have evolved mechanical properties and an internal structure that makes them resistant to various types of failure. The mechanisms involved during damage development and failure in bending are complex and incompletely understood. The work presented builds on a theoretical framework outlined by Ennos and van Casteren, who applied engineering mechanics theory to explain why different woody stems fail in different ways. Our work has extended this approach, applying it to a detailed analysis of one particular species:\n            <jats:italic>Fuchsia magellanica<\/jats:italic>\n            var.\n            <jats:italic>gracilis<\/jats:italic>\n            . When subjected to three-point bending, stems of this species exhibited one of two failure mechanisms: a plastic hinge or a greenstick fracture. We developed a predictive model using a computer simulation and a mathematical analysis using the theory of plastic bending. Required material properties were obtained from tests, the literature and imaging techniques. We found that greenstick fractures are more likely to occur in more lignified stems with a higher density. We discovered a new failure mode: an internal crack caused by tensile transverse stress. This work helps in understanding how plants have evolved their bending resistance and may assist in the creation of novel engineering structures inspired by these principles.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T13:35:23Z","timestamp":1613568923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Failure mechanisms and bending strength of\n            <i>Fuchsia magellanica<\/i>\n            var.\n            <i>gracilis<\/i>\n            stems"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8865-9357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy","family":"Hone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Mylo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT\u2014Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-5121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT\u2014Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-2636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT\u2014Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5470-2062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-062910-100425"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0341"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","unstructured":"Gibson L Ashby M Harley B. 2010 Cellular materials in nature and medicine . Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpw023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"Mattheck C Breloer H. 1994 The body language of trees: a handbook for failure analysis . London UK: HMSO."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz186"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.344.617"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","unstructured":"Barnett JR Jeronimidis G (eds). 2003 Wood quality and its biological basis . Oxford UK: Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desch HE Dinwoodie JM. 1996 Timber: structure properties conversion and use 7th edn pp. 102\u2013128. London UK: Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-13427-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","unstructured":"Forest Products Laboratory. 2010 Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material . General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190. Madison WI: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","unstructured":"Green DW Winandy JE Kretschmann DE. 1999 Mechanical properties of wood . General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113. Madison WI: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2093"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-011-0650-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milligan RV. 1981 Moment-strain relationships in elastic-plastic bending of beams . Technical report ARLCB-TR-81025. Watervliet NY: US Army.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA101722"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","unstructured":"ASTM. 2001 Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of intact rock core specimens . ASTM standard D3967-95a. Conshohocken PA: ASTM."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-012-0257-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","volume-title":"Trees: a complete guide to their biology and structure","author":"Ennos R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ennos R. 2001 Trees: a complete guide to their biology and structure. London, UK: Natural History Museum. See https:\/\/www.nhbs.com\/trees-a-complete-guide-to-their-biology-and-structure-book."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014339612423"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","volume-title":"Textbook of wood technology","author":"Panshin AJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"Panshin AJ, De Zeeuw C. 1980 Textbook of wood technology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill."}],"container-title":["Journal of The Royal Society Interface"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T13:08:40Z","timestamp":1619442520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"175","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2020.1023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1742-5662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1742-5662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"rsif.2020.1023"}}