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R. Soc. Interface."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tics manifest as brief, purposeless and unintentional movements or noises that, for many individuals, can be suppressed temporarily with effort. Previous work has hypothesized that the chaotic temporal nature of tics could possess an inherent fractality, that is, have neighbour-to-neighbour correlation at all levels of timescale. However, demonstrating this phenomenon has eluded researchers for more than two decades, primarily because of the challenges associated with estimating the scale-invariant, power law exponent\u2014called the fractal dimension\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2014from fractional Brownian noise. Here, we confirm this hypothesis and establish the fractality of tics by examining two tic time series datasets collected 6\u201312 months apart in children with tics, using random walk models and directional statistics. We find that\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    is correlated with tic severity as measured by the YGTTS total tic score, and that\n                    <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    is a sensitive parameter in examining the effect of several tic suppression conditions on the tic time series. Our findings pave the way for using the fractal nature of tics as a robust quantitative tool for estimating tic severity and treatment effectiveness, as well as a possible marker for differentiating typical from functional tics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T03:21:28Z","timestamp":1645586488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fractality of tics as a quantitative assessment tool for Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4759-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Payton","family":"Beeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas O.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational and Systems Biology Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Robichaux-Viehoever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley L.","family":"Schlaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deanna J.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-9937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajan K.","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374105-9.00385-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8428.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819862121"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002981"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321748"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321885"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00176-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11526-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12327.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40133-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819855531"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.139038"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820117868"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0036144501394387"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983419"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0063-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beeler 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