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In this work, we present an effective model for assessing the direct contagion risk associated with these pathogen-laden droplets. In particular, using the most recent studies on multi-phase flow physics, we develop an effective yet simple framework capable of predicting the infection risk associated with different respiratory activities in different ambient conditions. We start by describing the mathematical framework and benchmarking the model predictions against well-assessed literature results. Then, we provide a systematic assessment of the effects of physical distancing and face coverings on the direct infection risk. The present results indicate that the risk of infection is vastly impacted by the ambient conditions and the type of respiratory activity, suggesting the non-existence of a universal safe distance. Meanwhile, wearing face masks provides excellent protection, effectively limiting the transmission of pathogens even at short physical distances, i.e. 1 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2021.0819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T09:00:39Z","timestamp":1641978039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Modelling the direct virus exposure risk associated with respiratory events"],"prefix":"10.1098","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0422-8024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jietuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova 35131, Italy 1","department":["Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attivit\u00e0 Spaziali - CISAS, University of Padova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Dalla Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova 35131, Italy 2","department":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Roccon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna 1060, Austria 3","department":["Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, TU Wien"]},{"name":"33100 Udine, Italy 4","department":["Polytechnic Department, University of Udine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Sardina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 5","department":["Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Soldati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna 1060, Austria 3","department":["Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, TU Wien"]},{"name":"33100 Udine, Italy 4","department":["Polytechnic Department, University of Udine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-8187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Picano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova 35131, Italy 1","department":["Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attivit\u00e0 Spaziali - CISAS, University of Padova"]},{"name":"Padova 35131, Italy 2","department":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010520235439000_RSIF20210819C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.330","article-title":"The flow physics of COVID-19","volume":"894","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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